Experimental and DEM Examinations of in Sand under Different Loading Conditions
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VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 5
Abstract
This paper reports of dry sand in response to different loading conditions and under secondary compression. The experiments were carried out using an oedometer and tactile pressure sensors were used to measure the horizontal stress for calculations. During loading, remains a constant as the vertical stress increases. The corresponding discrete element method (DEM) simulations reproduced this experimental finding and suggest that the force transmission pattern is similar and the contact forces among particles are proportionally increased in both the horizontal and vertical directions to give a constant as increases. increases as the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) increases during unloading because of the locked-in horizontal stress. Reloading makes the sample less sensitive to OCR and thus the sample behaves as if it were in a normally consolidated state where is a constant. Experimental results and DEM simulations demonstrate that the horizontal stress and continue to increase during secondary compression on the loading path. Secondary compression is initiated by creep at particle contacts and exhibits similar responses like primary creep. The subsequent loading after secondary compression can gradually bring back to its initial value. During secondary compression on the unloading path, however, continues to decrease according to the DEM simulation results. The creep process tends to relax the locked-in horizontal stress and the sample expands in the vertical direction. Therefore, and gradually decreases.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (GRF 621109). The writers are grateful to the reviewers for valuable comments.
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© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Dec 4, 2012
Accepted: May 24, 2013
Published online: Feb 26, 2014
Published in print: May 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Jul 26, 2014
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