Volume Change Behavior of Fly Ash–Montmorillonite Clay Mixtures
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 14, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents the consolidation and swelling characteristics of fly ash–montmorillonite clay mixes. Nine types of fly ash samples collected from different thermal power plants of the Eastern part of India have been used in this study. The amount of montmorillonite clay added to each fly ash sample is 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The compression index () of the fly ashes indicates that the rate of consolidation is very fast. With an increase in montmorillonite clay content from 0.0 to 50%, the compressibility of the fly ash–montmorillonite clay mix increases, irrespective of the type of fly ash. The value of the compression index () of montmorillonite clay indicates that the embankments and fills made of fly ash–montmorillonite clay mixtures (i.e., 30, 40, and 50% of montmorillonite clay in the mix) and the structures constructed on such fills would suffer large deformation, whereas fly ash and fly ash mixed with 20% montmorillonite clay would not suffer large deformation. Specimens used for consolidation tests were compacted at the optimum moisture content (OMC) and the maximum dry density (MDD) obtained from standard Proctor compaction tests. Fly ash samples are nonswelling in nature, and the free swell index increases as the percentage of montmorillonite clay increases in the mixtures. Effects of the type of fly ashes, montmorillonite clay content in the mixes, permeability, and plasticity of fly ash–montmorillonite clay mixtures on compressibility of fly ash alone or in combination with montmorollonite clay mixes have been discussed herein. The effect of the percentage of montmorillonite clay and the plasticity index on the free swell index has also been highlighted.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abichou, T., Benson, C. H., and Edil, T. B. (2000). “Foundry green sands as hydraulic barriers: Laboratory study.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1174–1183.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils.” D2435-04, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for swell index of clay mineral component of geosynthetic clay liners.” D5890-06, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort [12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)].” D698-07, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bardet, J. P. (1997). Experimental soil mechanics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Brandl, H. (1992). “Mineral liners for hazardous waste containment.” Geotechnique, 42(1), 57–65.
Britton, J. P., Filz, G. M., and Herring, W. E. (2004). “Measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soil-bentonite backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1250–1258.
Britton, J. P., Filz, G. M., and Little, J. C. (2005). “The effect of variability in hydraulic conductivity on contaminant transport through soil-bentonite cutoff walls.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 951–957.
Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M., Carraro, J. A. H., and Heineck, K. S. (2001). “Behavior of compacted soil-fly ash-carbide lime mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 774–782.
Das, S. K., and Yudhbir. (2005). “Geotechnical characterization of some Indian fly ashes.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 544–552.
DiGioia, A. M., and Nuzzo, W. L. (1972). “Fly ash as structural fill.” J. Power Div., 98(1), 77–92.
Dry, C. M. (1995). “The potential use of waste (ash) materials for EIFS insulation and related components.” Development, use, and performance of exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS), ASTM Special Technical Publication 1187, M. F. Williams and R. G. Lampo, eds., ASTM, West Conshohoken, PA.
Edil, T. B., Acosta, H. A., and Benson, C. H. (2006). “Stabilizing soft fine-grained soils with fly ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 283–294.
Edil, T. B., Sandstrom, L. K., and Berthouex, P. M. (1992). “Interaction of inorganic leachate with compacted pozzolanic fly ash.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 1410–1430.
Elsbury, B. R., Daniel, D. E., and Sraders, G. A. (1990). “Lessons learned from compacted clay liner.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 1641–1659.
Fleming, L. N., and Inyang, H. I. (1995). “Permeability of clay-modified fly ash under thermal gradients.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 178–182.
Ghosh, A. (1996). “Environmental and engineering characteristics of stabilized low lime fly ash.” Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (1998). “Hydraulic conductivity and leachate characteristics of stabilized fly ash.” J. Environ. Eng., 812–820.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (2007). “Strength characteristics of class F fly ash modified with lime and gypsum.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 757–766.
Glogowski, P. E., Kelly, J. M., McLaren, R. J., and Burns, D. L. (1992). “Fly ash design manual for road and site applications.” Rep. RP2422–2 Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, GAI Consultants, Pittsburgh.
Gray, D. H., and Lin, Y. K. (1972). “Engineering properties of compacted fly ash.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., 98(4), 361–380.
Guo, R. Q., Rohatgi, P. K., and Nath, D. (1996). “Compacting characteristics of aluminium-fly ash power mixtures.” J. Mater. Sci., 31(20), 5513–5519.
Holtz, W. G., and Gibbs, H. J. (1956). “Engineering properties of expansive clays.” Transactions, ASCE, 121, 641–677.
Huang, W. H. (1990). “The use of bottom ash in highway embankments, subgrade, and subbases.” Joint Highway Research Project, Final Rep. FHWA/IN/JHRP-90/4, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Huang, W. H., and Lovell, C. W. (1990). “Bottom ash as embankment material.” Geotechnics of waste fills—theory and practice, ASTM Special Technical Publication 1070, A. Landva and G. D. Knowles, eds., ASTM, West Conshohoken, PA.
Kaniraj, S. R., and Gayathri, V. (2004). “Permeability and consolidation characteristics of compacted fly ash.” J. Energy Eng., 18–43.
Kaniraj, S. R., and Havanagi, V. G. (2001). “Behavior of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced fly ash-soil mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 574–584.
Kim, B., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2005). “Geotechnical properties of fly and bottom ash mixtures for use in highway embankments.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 914–924.
Kumar, S., and Vaddu, P. (2004). “Swell potential of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash amended with sodium bentonite.” J. Energy Eng., 54–65.
Kumar, V. (2004). “Compaction and permeability study of pond ash amended with locally available soil and hardening agent.” J. Institution of Engineers (India), 85, 31–35.
Lakshmikantha, H., Prakash, B. S. N., and Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2004). “Fly ash as a part of multilayer mineral liner system.” Indian Geotechnical Conf., Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi, India, 537–540.
Leonards, G. A., and Bailey, B. (1982). “Pulverized coal ash as structural fill.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 108(4), 517–531.
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P. (2003). “Volumetric deformation of natural clays.” Int. J. Geomech., 236–252.
Lo, I. M. C., Luk, A. F. T., and Yang, X. (2004). “Migration of heavy metals in saturated sand and bentonite/soil admixture.” J. Environ. Eng., 906–909.
Mateos, M., and Davidson, D. T. (1962). “Lime and fly ash proportions in soil, lime and fly ash mixtures, and some aspects of soil lime stabilization.” Highway Research Board Bulletin, 335, 40–64.
Osinubi, K. J., and Nwaiwu, C. M. O. (2006). “Compaction delay effects on properties of lime-treated soil.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 250–258.
Palmer, B. G., Edil, T. B., and Benson, C. H. (2000). “Liners for waste containment constructed with class F and C fly ashes.” J. Hazard. Mater., 76(2–3), 193–216.
Pandian, N. S., Balasubramonian, S., and Leelavathamma, B. (2003). “Consolidation behaviour of some Indian fly ashes.” Indian Geotechnical Conf., Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi, India, 431–434.
Phani Kumar, B. R., and Sharma, R. S. (2004). “Effect of fly ash on engineering properties of expansive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 764–767.
Phani Kumar, B. R., and Sharma, R. S. (2007). “Volume change behavior of fly ash-stabilized clays.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 67–74.
Porbaha, A., Pradhan, T. B. S., and Yamane, N. (2000). “Time effect on shear strength and permeability of fly ash.” J. Energy Eng., 15–31.
Punmia, B. C. (2005). Soil mechanics and foundations, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, India.
Punthutaecha, K. L., Puppala, A. J., Vanapalli, S. K., and Inyang, H. (2006). “Volume change behaviors of expansive soils stabilized with recycled ashes and fibers.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 295–306.
Raymond, S. (1958). “Utilization of pulverized fuel ash.” Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, London, 53, 1013–1016.
Robinson, R. G., Tan, T. S., Dasari, G. R., Leung, C. F., and Vijayakumar, A. (2005). “Experimental study of the behavior of a lumpy fill of soft clay.” Int. J. Geomech., 125–137.
Santayana, F. P. D. E., and Mazo, C. O. (1994). “Behavior of fly ash in experimental embankments.” Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi, India, 1603–1606.
Seals, R. K., Moulton, L. K., and Ruth, B. E. (1972). “Bottom ash: An engineering material.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., 98(4), 311–325.
Show, K. Y., Tay, J. H., and Goh, A. T. C. (2003). “Reuse of incinerator fly ash in soft soil stabilization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 335–343.
Sridharan, A., Rajasekhar, C., and Pandian, N. S. (1994). “Fly ash as pre-filter material for zinc ions.” Indian Geotechnical Conf., Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi, India, 79–82.
Toth, P. S., Chan, H. T., and Cragg, C. B. (1988). “Coal ash as structural fill, with special reference to Ontario experience.” Can. Geotech. J., (25), 694–704.
Tsai, T., and Vesilind, P. A. (1998). “A new landfill liner to reduce ground-water contamination from heavy metals.” J. Environ. Eng., 1061–1065.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 14 • Issue 1 • February 2014
Pages: 59 - 68
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 23, 2012
Accepted: Feb 22, 2013
Published online: Feb 25, 2013
Published in print: Feb 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.