Critical Review of the Methodologies Employed for Soil Suction Measurement
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 11, Issue 2
Abstract
Modeling the behavior of unsaturated soils necessitates the measurement of soil suction and the establishment of its variation with the water content, which is commonly known as the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). Several methodologies have been developed for measuring either total suction (sum of matric suction and osmotic suction ) or . While employing different methodologies for suction measurement, there is a possibility that various factors (viz., type of the soil, measurement methodology, range of the suction measurement, equilibration time, and presence of salts or contaminants in the soil) may influence the results and hence the SWCC. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the uniqueness of SWCC, determined by using some commonly adopted suction measurement methodologies. This study indicates that the SWCC established by adopting different methodologies may not be unique and is primarily influenced by the range of suction measurement. As such, it is essential to highlight the range of suction values involved for establishing the SWCC, to facilitate unambiguous modeling and to precisely understand the behavior of unsaturated soil.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Agus, S. S., and Schanz, T. (2005). “Comparison of four methods for measuring total suction.” Vadose Zone J., 4, 1087–1095.
ASTM. (1994a). “Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” ASTM D 2487-93, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1994b). “Standard test method for capillary-moisture relationships for fine-textured soils by pressure-membrane apparatus.” ASTM D 3152-72, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1994c). “Standard test method for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of soils.” ASTM D 4318-93, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1994d). “Standard test method for particle size analysis of soils.” ASTM D 422-63, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1994e). “Standard test method for specific gravity of soils.” ASTM D 854-92, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003). “Test methods for determination of the soil water characteristic curve for desorption using a hanging column, pressure extractor, chilled mirror hygrometer, and/or centrifuge.” ASTM D 6836-02, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test methods for precipitated silica-surface area by single point B.E.T nitrogen adsorption.” ASTM D 5604-96, West Conshohocken, PA.
Brown, R. W. (1970). “Measurement of water potential with thermocouple psychrometers.” Construction and Applications, USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-80, Washington, DC.
Cheng, Y.-G., Phoon, K.-K., and Tan, T.-S. (2008). “Unsaturated soil seepage analysis using a rational transformation method with under-relaxation.” Int. J. Geomech., 8(3), 207–212.
Chiu, A. C. F., Zhu, W., and Chen, X. (2009). “Rainfall infiltration pattern in an unsaturated silty sand.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 14(8), 882–886.
Conte, E. (2006). “Plain strain and axially symmetric consolidation in unsaturated soils.” Int. J. Geomech., 6(2), 131–135.
Durmusoglu, E., Corapcioglu, M. Y., and Tuncay, K. (2006). “Modeling of settlement in saturated and unsaturated municipal landfills.” Int. J. Geomech., 6(4), 269–278.
Escario, V., and Saez, J. (1986). “The shear strength of partially saturated soils.” Geotechnique, 36(3), 453–456.
Fredlund, D. G. (2006). “Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(3), 286–321.
Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, Wiley, New York.
Fredlund, D. G., and Xing, A. (1994). “Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve.” Can. Geotech. J., 31(4), 521–532.
Fredlund, D. G., Xing, A., and Shangyan, H. (1994). “Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve.” Can. Geotech. J., 31, 533–546.
Frydman, S., and Baker, R. (2009). “Theoretical soil-water characteristic curves based on adsorption, cavitation, and a double porosity model.” Int. J. Geomech., 9(6), 250–257.
Garbulewski, K., and Zakowicz, S. (1995). “Suction as an indicator of soil expansive potential.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, E. E. Alonso and P. Delage, eds., Vol. 2, Balkema, Rotterdam, 593–597.
Gardner, R. A . (1937). “The method of measuring the capillary tension of soil moisture over a wide moisture range.” Soil Science, 43(4), 227–283.
Gee, G. W., Ward, A. L., Zhang, Z. F., Campbell, G. S., and Mathison, J. (2002). “The influence of hydraulic nonequilibrium on pressure plate data.” Vadose Zone J., 1, 172–178.
Georgiadis, K., Potts, D. M., and Zdravkovic, L. (2005). “Three-dimensional constitutive model for partially and fully saturated soils.” Int. J. Geomech., 5(3), 244–255.
Gottardi, G., and Venutelli, M. (2001). “UPF: Two-dimensional finite-element groundwater flow model for saturated-unsaturated soils.” Comput. Geosci., 27, 179–189.
Hillel, D. (1998). Environmental soil physics, Academic Press, San Diego.
Hoyos, L., and Arduino, P. (2008). “Implicit algorithm for modeling unsaturated soil response in three invariant stress space.” Int. J. Geomech., 8(4), 266–273.
Indian Standards Institute. (1976). “Methods of test for soils: determination of cation exchange capacity.” IS 2720, Part 24, New Delhi, India.
Khalili, N., Geiser, F., and Blight, G. E. (2004). “Effective stress in unsaturated soils: Review with new evidence.” Int. J. Geomech., 4(2), 115–126.
Knight, M. A., and Mitchell, R. J. (1996). “Modelling of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) releases into unsaturated sand.” Can. Geotech. J., 33, 913–925.
Krahn, J., and Fredlund, D. G. (1972). “On total, matric and osmotic suction.” Soil Science, 114(5), 339–348.
Lee, H. C., and Wray, W. K. (1995). “Techniques to evaluate soil suction-a vital unsaturated soil variable.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, 2, Paris, 615–621.
Leong, E. C., He, L., and Rahardjo, H. (2002). “Factors affecting the filter paper method for total and matric suction measurements.” Geotech. Test. J., 25(3), 322–333.
Leong, E. C., Tripathy, S., and Rahardjo, H. (2003). “Total suction measurement of unsaturated soils with a device using the chilled-mirror dew-point technique.” Geotechnique, 53(2), 173–182.
Liang, R. Y., Rababah, S., and Khasawneh, M. (2008). “Predicting moisture-dependent resilient modulus of cohesive soils using soil suction concept.” J. Transp. Eng., 134(1), 34–40.
Likos, W. J., and Lu, N. (2003). “Automated humidity system for measuring total suction characteristics of clay.” Geotech. Test. J., 26(2), 1–12.
Mitchell, R. J. (1998). “The eleventh annual Hardy keynote address, R. M. 1997: Centrifugation in geoenvironmental practice and education.” Can. Geotech. J., 35, 630–640.
Oberg, A. L. (1995). “Negative pore pressures-seasonal variation and importance in slope stability analysis.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, 2 907–913.
Olson, R. E., and Leonard, J. L. (1965). “Pore water pressures in unsaturated soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 91, 127–150.
Park, S.-W., Lytton, R. L., and Button, J. W. (1999). “Forensic investigation of pavement distortions using soil suction.” J. Transp. Eng., 125(1), 60–66.
Rahardjo, H., Chang, M. F., and Lim, T. T. (1995). “Shear strength and in situ matric suction of a residual soil.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, 2, 637–643.
Rao, S. M., and Thyagaraj, T. (2007). “Role of direction of salt migration on the swelling behaviour of compacted clays.” Appl. Clay Sci., 38(1-2), 113–129.
Richards, L. A. (1941). “A pressure-membrane extraction apparatus for soil solution.” Soil Science, 51(5), 377–386.
Richards, L. A., and Ogata, G. (1961). “Psychrometric measurements of soil samples equilibrated on pressure membranes.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 26, 456–459.
Ridley, A. M., and Burland, J. B. (1993). “A new instrument for the measurement of soil moisture suction.” Geotechnique, 43(2), 321–324.
Ridley, A. M., Dineen, K., Burland, J. B., and Vaughan, P. R. (2003). “Soil matrix suction: Some examples of its measurement and application in geotechnical engineering.” Geotechnique, 53(2), 241–253.
Rojas, E. (2008). “Equivalent stress equation for unsaturated soils. II: Solid-porous model.” Int. J. Geomech., 8(5), 291–299.
Shah, P. H., Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2006). “Evaluation of methodologies used for establishing soil-water characteristic curve.” J. ASTM Int., 3(6), 11.
Shao, J. F., Duveau, G., Bourgeois, F., and Chen, W. Z. (2006). “Elastoplastic damage modeling in unsaturated rocks and applications.” Int. J. Geomech., 6(2), 119–130.
Shuai, F., and Fredlund, D. G. (2000). “Use of a new thermal conductivity sensor to measure soil suction.” Advances in unsaturated geotechnics (GSP 99), Geo-Denver 2000, Denver.
Singh, D. N., and Kuriyan, S. J. (2003). “Estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using soil suction measurements obtained by an insertion tensiometer.” Can. Geotech. J., 40(2), 476–483.
Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2005a). “Estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils using electrical resistivity measurements.” J. ASTM Int., 2(1), 11.
Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2005b). “A study to investigate influence of soil properties on its suction.” J. Test. Eval., 33(1), 61–66.
Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2006a). “Nonlinear curve-fitting procedures for developing soil-water characteristic curves.” Geotech. Test. J., 29(5), 1–10.
Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2006b). “Methodology for determination of osmotic suction of soils.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 24(5), 1469–1476.
Sudhakar, M. R., and Revanasiddappa, K. (2000). “Role of matric suction in collapse of compacted clay soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(1), 85–90.
Tarantino, A., Romero, E., and Cui, Y.-J. (2009). Laboratory and field testing of unsaturated soils, Springer, Berlin.
Thakur, V. K. S., Sreedeep, S., and Singh, D. N. (2006). “Laboratory investigations on extremely high suction measurements for fine-grained soils.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 24(3), 565–578.
Truong, H. V. P., and Holden, J. C. (1995). “Soil suction measurement with transistor psychrometer.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, E. E. Alonso and P. Delage, eds., Vol. 2, Balkema, Rotterdam, 659–664.
van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). “A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898.
Wilson, G. W., Fredlund, D. G., and Barbour, S. L. (1997). “The effect of soil suction on evaporative fluxes from soil surfaces.” Can. Geotech. J., 34, 145–155.
Wissmeier, L., and Barry, D. A. (2008). “Reactive transport in unsaturated soil: Comprehensive modelling of the dynamic spatial and temporal mass balance of water and chemical components.” Adv. Water Resour., 31, 858–875.
Xiao, M., Reddy, L. N., and Steinberg, S. L. (2009). “Variation of water retention characteristics due to particle rearrangement under zero gravity.” Int. J. Geomech., 9(4), 179–186.
Zhan, T. L. T., and Ng, C. W. W. (2004). “Analytical analysis of rainfall infiltration mechanism in unsaturated soils.” Int. J. Geomech., 4(4), 273–284.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 29, 2009
Accepted: Jun 10, 2010
Published online: Mar 15, 2011
Published in print: Apr 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.