Quality of Conventional Fixed Piston Samples of Norwegian Soft Clay

It is well accepted that the quality of soft clay samples obtained using standard fixed piston samplers can be relatively poor and that block samples are necessary to yield very high quality samples. However, for many practical projects it is not economically viable or physically practical to obtain block samples. In this project, the quality of standard $54\mathrm{mm}$ composite piston samples of soft clay is examined by comparing six separate sets of $54\mathrm{mm}$ samples to parallel block sampling. Sampling and laboratory testing was carried out by three different organizations at a well characterized highly uniform soft clay site in Norway. As expected, the work showed that the block samples behaved significantly differently from those obtained using the $54\mathrm{mm}$ sampler and were of higher quality. Block sample-derived parameters were considerably different from those obtained from the $54\mathrm{mm}$ sample tests. However, significant differences were also found between the different sets of $54\mathrm{mm}$ samples. Although the differences are less than when compared with block samples, the consequences of poor quality $54\mathrm{mm}$ sampling will be significant in engineering design. It is concluded that the differences are due to small details in the sampling operation such as the need to keep the piston effectively stationary at all times, to avoid overcoring and to handle the recovered sample carefully. If a well trained driller follows good quality practice, then relatively good samples can be obtained by the fixed piston sampler, which are suitable for analysis and design of routine engineering works.