Marine Outfall Performance. II: Stabilization and Case Studies
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 19, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper, the second in a series, outlines the various methods that can be used to immobilize and protect an exposed outfall pipe that appears vulnerable to destabilizing agents such as waves, ice, logs, or fishing trawls. Measures covered include the placing of quarry rock or articulated concrete block mats, the driving of piles, and the installation of stapling arrangements. Case studies cover various specific outfalls where particular stabilization measures were employed. Environmental considerations are included.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The following individuals contributed in a meaningful way to the preparation of this paper: Hal Anderson, Jim Brennan, Andy Culwell, Dud English, Derek Ellis, Rick Heltzel, Keith Mackie, Mike Marsden, Arthur Moss-Morris, Eiji Nakazaki, Joe Perrone, Bob Rocheleau, Malan Schrecker, and Marc Stearns. The California Coastal Commission provided important information.
References
Allan, J. C., and Komar, P. D. (2002). “Extreme storms on the Pacific Northwest Coast during the 1998-’98 El Niño and 1998-’99 La Niña.” J. Coastal Res., 18, 175–193.
Alsop, P. (1986). “Seabed scour is controlled by fiber reinforced mats.” Pipe Line Industry, 65(3), 32, 34.
“Anchoring 24-in. line in 548-ft waters in North Sea.” (1979). Ocean Industry, 14(6), 69–70.
“Anchoring offshore pipelines.” (1991). Pipeline Gas J., 218(8), 27, 29.
Auberty, M., and Lupi, A. (1979). “Diver-operated undersea trencher for North Sea.” Pipeline Gas J., 206(12), 82, 85–86, 88, 90, 92, 94.
“Bayou pipeline crossing requires helical pilings.” (1992). Pipeline Gas J., 219(1), 42–43.
Beckmann, M. M., et al. (1991). “Spanning can be prevented, corrected in deeper water.” Oil & Gas J., 89(51), 84–89.
Blair, S. M., et al. (1994). “Impacts of Hurricane Andrew on the offshore reef systems of central and northern Dade County, Florida.” Bull. Mar. Sci., 54, 961–973.
“Blasting methods for outfall sewer.” (1962). Western Construction, 37(5), 62–64.
Brand, J. G. (1983). “Green Point marine outfall project.” The Civil Engineer in South Africa, September, 516.
Brodrick, G. (1993). “Innovation at Green Point.” S. A. Construction World, December/January, 22, 23, 25, 27.
Brown, R. J. (1980). “Post-trenching plow cuts ditch under offshore line.” Oil & Gas J., 78(23), 47–51.
Brown, R. J., and Luynenburg, R. (1987). “Latest developments for subsea pipe line plowing.” Pipe Line Industry, 66(4), 40, 42, 44.
Chabert, G. (1969). “Constructing a new sea-loading system off Egypt.” Ocean Industry, 4(4), 28–35.
Chun, A. K. T. (1993). “Central North Pacific hurricanes—1992.” Mariners Weather Log, 37(3), 26–29.
Connor, D., and Leuenberger, H. (1980). “Anglo-Swiss venture develops ‘saddlebag’ pipe for protection.” Offshore Engineer, October, 71.
“Corps permit sought to steady undersea pipes.” (1981). Eng. News-Rec., 206(7), 47.
Cottrill, A. (1996). “Gibraltar crossing guided to success.” Offshore Engineer, January, 26–28, 31–32.
Cox, B. G., and Kelsall, K. J. (1986). “Construction of Cape Peron ocean outlet Perth, Western Australia.” Proc.-Inst. Civ. Eng. 80, 465–491.
Culwell, A. S., et al. (1993). “Outfall pipeline stabilization in the surf zone.” Proc., Joint CSCE-ASCE National Conf. on Environmental Engineering, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal.
Eagle, G. A., et al. (1979). “Preliminary pollution surveys around the south-western Cape coast.” South African J. Sci., 75, 453–461.
Ellis, D. V. (1980). “Environmental consequences of breaks and interrupted construction at marine outfalls in British Columbia.” Coastal discharges, Institution of Civil Engineers, London. 123–126.
“Fallpipe rock dumping protects North Sea pipelines.” (1989). Ocean Industry, 24(11), 41–44.
“Fast crawl for Australian pipe pinning project.” (1993). Offshore Engineer, July, 22.
Fijen, A. P. M. (1988). “A review of marine disposal practice in South Africa.” CSIR Rep. No. EMA-C 8865, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Fijen, A. P. M., and Marsden, M. G. (1992). “Green Point sewage disposal options.” Water Sci. Technol., 25(9), 133–142.
Flaxman, E. W. (1980). “Synopsis of UK experience of modern outfall maintenance.” Coastal discharges: Engineering aspects and experience, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 119–122.
French, J. A., Gustafson, P., Murk, J. S., and Burn-Lucht, K. M. (1994). “Offshore rescue.” Civ. Eng. (N.Y.), 64(10), 42–45.
French, J. A., Johnson, W. A., Mills, J. A., and Marsh, G. S. (1993). “Protecting the Boca Raton outfall before and after Hurricane Andrew.” Proc., Hydraulic Engineering ’93, ASCE, New York, 543–548.
Grace, R. A. (1978). Marine outfall systems: Planning, design, and construction, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Grace, R. A. (1993). “Lecture notes.” Proc., Marine Outfalls Update Seminar I, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Grace, R. A. (2001). “An unusual marine outfall off central California, USA.” Water and Maritime Eng., 148, 133–141.
Hairston, D. E., et al. (1994). “Rock dumping secures twin pipelines across Michigan straits.” Oil & Gas J., 92(17), 52–55.
“HAM Dredging & Marine Construction acquires KBV pipeline trencher.” (1994). World Dredging, Mining & Construction, 30(11), 15.
“HDPE pipe wear resistance can be greater than steel.” (1986). World Dredging and Marine Construction, 22(9), 36–37.
Howes, J. (1986). “First pipeline for digging Donald.” The Oilman, September, 33–34.
Hunter, J. C., and Scott, A. Y. (1991). “Greenock/Gourock/Port Glasgow drainage scheme and long sea outfall design.” J. Chartered Institution of Water and Environ. Manage., 5(3), 259–264.
“Innovations speed repair to San Diego’s sewage outfall pipe.” (1992). Public Works, 123(13), 52–54.
Jinsi, B. K. (1986). “Additional stabilization of submarine pipelines.” Proc., 5th Int. Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symp., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 3, 717–724.
Kavanagh, J. A. (1991). “Pipeline across the Georgia Strait.” Pipeline Gas J., 218(8), 20, 22–26.
Lang, L. (1992). “Outfall repair is completed.” Eng. News-Rec., 228(17), 20–21.
Lang, L., and Rosta, P. (1992). “Outfall rupture tied to storms.” Eng. News-Rec., 228(7), 8–9.
Lawther, G. H., and O’Brien, R. T. (1972). “Novel technique for outfall diffuser repair.” The B.C. Professional Engineer, May, 6–7.
Lowe, E. A., and Odone, A. J. (1980). “The history of the Piper-Claymore-Flotta pipeline system.” Proc., 12th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. OTC 3785.
Mayfield, M., and Avila, L. (1993). “North Atlantic hurricanes—1992.” Mariners Weather Log, 37(3), 18–25.
McCabe, C. (1990). “Diverless installation of deepwater pipeline supports.” Ocean Industry, 25(9), 13.
“Mechanical support corrects Vancouver Island spans.” (1991). Offshore Engineer, April, 39.
Melegari, G. E. (1993). “Seabed physiography and morphology and their impact on the installation and protection of man made structures.” Preprints, 3rd Int. Symp. on Coastal Ocean Space Utilization, Genoa, Italy, 215–228, 735–741.
“New kink in San Diego.” (1992). Eng. News-Rec., 228(11), 12.
Noble, H. J. (1983). “Anchoring International sets new water depth record.” Pipe Line Industry, 59(1), 31–32.
Ochtman, J. A., and den Boer, A. S. (1980). “Post plowing for rigid lines—Controlled trench depth and high progress rate.” Proc., 12th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. OTC 3738.
Odusch, J. M. (1980). “Anchoring pipelines prevents damage.” Oil & Gas J. 78(47), 101, 104, 109–110, 112.
“Outfall break report can’t pinpoint cause.” (1992). Eng. News-Rec., 229(22), 14.
Philander, S. G. (1992). “El Niňo.” Oceanus, 35(2), 56–61.
“Pipe, valve and vortex drop bubble-free effluent to outfall.” (1963). Eng. News-Rec., 171(23), 42–43, 46.
“Post-plow trencher proves out under tests.” (1980). Ocean Industry, 15(4), 224.
Prendergast, J. (1992). “Perils of Point Loma.” Civ. Eng. (N.Y.) 62(11), 62–65.
“Protecting North Sea pipe lines.” (1980). Ocean Industry, 15(2), 45.
Robertson, R., and Curle, R. (1995). “Screw anchors economically control pipeline buoyancy in Muskeg.” Oil & Gas J., 93(17), 49–52, 54.
“Rock dumping project secures pipe line off NW Australia.” (1993). Pipe Line Industry, 76(6), 36.
Rogers, S. M., Jr. (1987). “Artificial seaweed for erosion control.” Shore Beach, 55(1), 19–29.
Rosendal, H. E. (1983). “Hurricane Iwa.” Mariners Weather Log, 27(2), 63–66.
Samsunlu, A., et al. (1995). “Problems related to an existing marine outfall: Marmaris—An example.” Water Sci. Technol., 32, 225–231.
“San Diego weighs tunnel.” (1991). Eng. News-Rec., 227(25), 12.
Sea Engineering, Inc. (1994). “Engineering report for the inspection of the Barbers Point ocean outfall.” Rep. prepared for the City and Country of Honolulu, Department of Wastewater Management, SSFM Engineers, Inc., Honolulu, Hawaii.
Seymour, E. V., et al. (1984). “North west shelf pipeline.” Oil & Gas J., 82(19), 128, 133, 134, 136, 141, 142,
and 82(20), 97–102.
“Special pipeline anchors solve deep-water woes.” (1993). Pipeline Gas J., 220(3), 64–66.
“Unique pipe anchoring method used.” (1978). Offshore, 38(5), 268, 270–271.
“Unmanned submersibles sort out Brent line spans.” (1986). Offshore Engineer, June, 19.
Walford, D. (1988). “Stones protect seabed gas lines.” New Civ. Eng. Int., 749, 18.
Webb, B. C. (1995a). “Pipeline supports save pipelines from flood-induced ruptures.” Pipeline Gas J., 222(3), 66–69.
Webb, B. C. (1995b). “Remotely installed supports help remedy seabed pipeline spans.” Offshore, 55(7), 44–45.
Zylstra, L. P. (1994). “Unique sled rig plugs old leaking wells in surf zone.” Oil & Gas J., 92(2), 37–39.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 19 • Issue 4 • November 2005
Pages: 359 - 369
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 4, 2003
Accepted: Jun 7, 2004
Published online: Nov 1, 2005
Published in print: Nov 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.