General Issues Influencing Connection Performance
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 4
Abstract
Welded-flange–bolted-web connections were damaged during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The SAC Steel Project was started to address the problems associated with this damage. The Connection Performance Team completed research on the behavior of a number of connection types. During this research, some issues were found to influence the behavior of many different connection types. These issues are described in this paper. The issues include panel zone yielding, weld process and toughness, web attachment, beam depth and frame geometry, yield stress of the steel, geometry and orientation of the column, composite slabs, local slenderness and unsupported length, temperature, and strain rate. Panel zone yielding is a yield mechanism that contributes to ductility of moment frame connections, but connections with excessive panel zone deformation may have premature connection fracture and reduced ductility. Therefore, panel zone yield deformation must be controlled to have balanced behavior. The web attachment combined with tough welds and improved weld and weld access hole details were needed to improve the ductility of welded flange connections. Beam depth and span length affect the ductility and performance of moment frame connections, but some factors including temperature, strain rate, and local buckling are of secondary importance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AIJ. (1997). “Full-scale test on plastic rotation capacity of steel wide-flange beams connected with square tube steel columns.” Kinki Branch of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Steel Committee, Osaka, Japan (in Japanese with attached abridged English version).
AISC. (1994). Load and resistance factor design, 2nd Ed., Vol. II, AISC, Chicago.
AISC. (1997). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, Chicago.
AWS. (1994). “Structural welding code-steel.” AWS D1.1-94, Miami.
Chi, W. M., Deierlein, G. G., and Ingraffea, A. R. (1997). “Finite element fracture mechanics investigation of welded beam-column connections.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/05, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Coons, R. G. (1999). “Seismic design and database of end-plate and T-stub connections.” MSc thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
Dexter, R. J., Hajjar, J. F., Cotton, S. C., Prochnow, S. D., and Ye, Y. (1999). “Reassessment of design criteria and new alternatives for column transverse stiffeners (continuity plates) and web doubler plates: interim report.” Structural Engineering Rep. No. ST-99-3, Dept of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
El-Tawil, S., Mikesell, T., Vidarsson, E., and Kunnath, S. K. (1998). “Strength and ductility of FR welded-bolted connections.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-98/01, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
FEMA. (1995). “Interim guidelines: evaluation, repair, modification and design of welded steel moment frame structures.” Rep. FEMA 267 and 267A, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Harrigan, P. (1996). “Possible causes of cracking in steel moment resistant frames during the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” MSc thesis Univ. of Washington, Seattle, 144.
ICBO (1988). “Uniform building code.” Int. Conf. of Building Official, Whittier, Calif.
Krawinkler, H.(1978). “Shear design of steel frame joints,” Eng. J., 15(3), 82–91.
Lee, K. H., Stojadinovic, B., Goel, S. C., Margarian, A. G., Choi, J., Wongkaew, A., Rayher, B. P., and Lee, D. Y. (2000). “Parametric tests on unreinforced connections.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-00/01, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Manjoine, M. J.(1944). “Influence of rate of strain and temperature on yield stresses of mild steel,” Trans. ASME, 66, A211, 18.
Nakashima, M., Roeder, C. W., and Maruoka, Y.(2000). “Steel moment frames for earthquakes in the United States and Japan,” J. Struct. Eng., 126(8), 861–868.
Ricles, J. M., Mao, C., Lu, L. W., and Fisher, J. W. (2000). “Development and evaluation of improved details for ductile welded unreinforced flange connections.” Rep. No. SAC BD 00-24, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Roeder, C. W. (1996). “Summary report of SAC phase 1- Task 7 experimental studies.” Rep. No. SAC 96-01, Part 1, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Roeder, C. W. (2000). “Connection performance state of art report.” Rep. No. 355D, FEMA, Washington, D.C.
Roeder, C. W. (2002). “Connection performance for seismic design of steel moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng, 128(4), 517–525.
Rolfe, S. T., and Barsom, J. M. (1977). Fracture and fatigue control in structures, application of fracture mechanics, Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Yu, Q. S., Gilton, C., and Uang, C. M. (2000). “Cyclic response of RBS moment connections: loading sequence and lateral bracing effects.” SAC Rep. No. 00/22, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 14, 2000
Accepted: Nov 16, 2001
Published online: Apr 1, 2002
Published in print: Apr 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.