GIS Based Distributed Model for Soil Erosion and Rate of Sediment Outflow from Catchments
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 9
Abstract
A spatially distributed rainfall–runoff–soil erosion model capable of handling catchment heterogeneity in terms of landuse, soil, slope, and rainfall has been developed and applied to data from several catchments. The model operates on a cell basis and accepts distributed inputs from a raster geographic information system (GIS). The catchment digital elevation model is used in the model to generate drainage paths from each of the discretized cells to the catchment outlet in proper hydrologic order. Following the computational hydrological sequencing thus derived, the mechanics of overland flow are modeled using a finite volume based numerical solution of the diffusion wave approximation of the St. Venant equations and the process of soil erosion is modeled using a numerical solution of the sediment continuity equation with appropriate auxiliary equations. The spatial information for each cell of the catchment was generated using digital analysis of satellite data and published information by making use of commercially available image processing and raster GIS packages. Results of model application on several catchments indicate that the model can compute temporal distribution of the sediment outflow rate at the catchment outlet for storm events reasonably well. The cell-based structure of the model also allows for computation of the spatial distribution of computed variables such as the amount of soil erosion.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abbott, M. B., Bathrust, J. C., Cunge, J. A., O’Connel, P. E., and Ramsussen, J. (1986). “An introduction to the European Hydrological System-Systeme Hydrologique Europeen SHE, 1, History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modeling system.” J. Hydrol., 87, 45–59.
Beasley, D. B., Huggins, L. F., and Monke, E. J. (1980). “ANSWERS—A model for watershed planning.” Trans. ASAE, 23, 938–944.
Bennett, J. P. (1974). “Concepts of mathematical modeling of sediment yield.” Water Resour. Res., 10, 485–492.
Beven, K. (1989). “Changing ideas in hydrology—The case of physically based models.” J. Hydrol., 105, 157–172.
Bradford, J. M. (1988). “Erosional development of valley bottom gullies in the upper western United States.” Training course on soil erosion and its control, Lecture notes, IRTCES, Beijing.
Chaudhry, M. H. (1993). Open channel flow, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open channel flow, McGraw–Hill, New York.
de Roo, A. P. J., Hazelhoff, L., and Burrough, P. A. (1989). “Soil erosion modelling using ANSWERS and geographical information systems.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 14, 517–532.
Earth Resources Data Analysis System Inc. (ERDAS). (1998). ERDAS Imagine 8.3.1, Users Guide, Atlanta.
Engman, E. T. (1986). “Roughness coefficients for routing surface runoff.” Irrig. Drain., 112(1), 39–53.
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). (1992). “Cell-based modeling with Grid 6.1: Supplement.” Hydrologic and distance modeling tools, Redlands, Calif.
Folly, A., Quinton, J. N., and Smith, R. E. (1999). “Evaluation of EUROSEM model using data from Catsop watershed, The Netherlands.” Catena, 37, 507–519.
Foster, G. R. (1982). “Modelling the erosion processes.” Hydrological modelling of small watersheds, C. T. Haan, H. Johnson, and D. L. Brakensiek, eds., ASAE Monograph No. 5, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 297–380.
Foster, G. R., and Meyer, L. D. (1972). “Transport of soil particles by shallow flow.” Trans. ASAE, 15, 99–102.
Garde, R. J., and Ranga Raju, K. G. (2000). Mechanics of sediment transport and alluviliam stream problems, 3rd Ed., New Age International, New Delhi, India.
Haan, C. T., Barfield, B. J., and Hayes, J. C. (1994). Design hydrology and sedimentology for small catchments, Academic, New York.
Hadley, R. F., Lal, R., Onstad, C. A., Walling, D. E., and Yair, A. (1985). “Recent developments in erosion and sediment yield studies.” IHP-II Project A.1.3.1, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
Hession, W. C., and Shanholtz, V. O. (1988). “A geographic information system for targeting nonpoint-source agricultural pollution.” J. Sediment Res., 43(3), 264–266.
Hirshi, M. C., and Barfield, B. J. (1988). “KYERMO: A physically based research erosion model, II, Model development.” Trans. ASAE, 31, 804–813.
Hjelmfelt, A., and Wang, M. (1999). “Modeling hydrologic and water quality responses to grass waterways.” J. Hydrologic Eng., 4(3), 251–256.
International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). (1998). The Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS), Enschede, The Netherlands.
Jain, M. K. (2002). “Distributed modelling of runoff and sediment yield using remote sensing and GIS.” PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
Jain, M. K., and Kothyari, U. C. (2000). “Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using GIS.” Hydrol. Sci. J., 45(5), 771–786.
Jain, M. K., Kothyari, U. C., and Ranga Raju, K. G. (2004). “A GIS based distributed rainfall runoff model.” J. Hydrol., 299, 107–135.
Jenson, S. K., and Domingue, J. O. (1988). “Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic system analysis.” Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 54(11), 1593–1600.
Johnson, B. E., Julien, P. Y., Molnar, D. K., and Watson, C. C. (2000). “The two-dimensional upland soil erosion model CASC2D-SED.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assn., 36(1), 31–42.
Julien, P. Y., and Rojas, R. (2002). “Computer modelling of upland erosion.” Proc., 13th APD-IAHR Int. Congr., Singapore, Vol. 1, 475–483.
Kadlec, R. H. (1990). “Overland flow in wetlands: Vegetation resistance.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(5), 691–706.
Knisel, W. G., ed. (1980). “CREAMS: A field scale model for chemicals, runoff and erosion from agricultural management system.” Rep. No. 26, Prepared for the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Research, Washington, D.C.
Kothyari, U. C., Jain, M. K., and Ranga Raju, K. G. (2002). “Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield using GIS.” Hydrol. Sci. J., 47(5), 693–706.
Kothyari, U. C., Tiwari, A. K., and Singh, R. (1994). “Prediction of sediment yield.” J. Irrig. Drain. Div., 120(6), 1122–1131.
Kothyari, U. C., Tiwari, A. K., and Singh, R. (1997). “Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield from small catchment through the kinematic method.” J. Hydrol., 203, 39–57.
Lattenzi, A. R., Meyer, L. D., and Baumgardner, M. F. (1974). “Influence of mulch rate and slope steepness on inter-rill erosion.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 38, 946–950.
Laws, J. O., and Parsons, D. A. (1943). “The relation of raindrop size to intensity.” Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, 24, 452–460.
MacCormack, R. W. (1969). “The effect of viscosity in hypervelocity impact cratering.” American Institute Aeronautics Astrophysics, Paper 69-354, Cincinnati.
Maidment, D. R. (1992a). “Grid-based computation of runoff: A preliminary assessment.” US Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, Calif., Contract No. DACW05-92-P-1983, Hydrologic Engineering Center.
Maidment, D. R., ed. (1992b). Handbook of hydrology, McGraw–Hill, New York.
Meyer, L. D., and Wischmeier, W. H. (1969). “Mathematical simulation of the processes of soil erosion by water.” Trans. ASAE, 12, 754–759.
Morgan, R. P. C., et al. (1998). “The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM): A dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 23, 527–544.
Nearing, M. A., Foster, G. R., Lane, L. J., and Finkner, S. C. (1989). “A process based soil erosion model for USDA water erosion prediction project technology.” Trans. ASAE, 32(5), 1587–1593.
Ogden, F. L., and Julien, P. Y. (2002). “CASC2D: A two-dimensional, physically-based, Hortonian hydrologic model.” Mathematical models of small watershed hydrology and application, V. P. Singh and D. K. Frevert, eds., Water Resources, LLC, Highlands Ranch, Colo., 69–112.
Orlandini, S., Mancini, M., Paniconi, C., and Rosso, R. (1996). “Local contributions to infiltration excess runoff for a conceptual catchment model.” Water Resour. Res., 32(7), 2003–2012.
Palmer, R. S. (1965). “Water drop impact forces.” Trans. ASAE, 8(1), 69–70,72.
Park, S. W., Mitchell, J. K., and Scarborough, J. N. (1982). “Soil erosion simulation on small watersheds: A modified ANSWERS model.” Trans. ASAE, 25, 1581–1588.
Philip, J. R. (1969). “The theory of infiltration.” Adv. Hydrosci., 5, 215–296.
Ponce, V. M. (1989). Engineering hydrology principles and practice, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Sabins, F. S. (1997). Remote sensing: Principles and interpretations, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Singh, V. P. (1989). “A quasi-conceptual linear model for synthesis of direct runoff with potential application to ungauged basins.” Military Hydrology Rep. No. 17, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La.
Smith, M. B., and Brilly, M. (1992). “Automated grid element ordering for GIS based overland flow modeling.” Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 58(5), 579–585.
Soil and Water Conservation Division (SWC&D). (1991–1996 ). Evaluation of hydrological data, Vols. I and II, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2001). “Discussion on ‘Variation of roughness coefficients for unsubmerged and submerged vegetation’ by F.-C. Wu, H. W. Shen, and Y.-J. Chou.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 127(3), 241–245.
Vanliew, M. W., and Sexton, K. E. (1984). “Dynamic simulation of sediment discharge from agricultural watersheds.” Trans. ASAE, 27(4), 1087–1092.
Vanoni, V. A., ed. (1975). Sedimentation engineering, ASCE, New York.
Wicks, J. M., and Bathurst, J. C. (1996). “SHESED: A physically based, distributed erosion and sediment yield component for the SHE hydrological modelling system.” J. Hydrol., 175, 213–238.
Williams, J. R. (1978). “A sediment graph model based on instantaneous unit sediment graph.” Water Resour. Res., 14(4), 659–664.
Williams, J. R., and Berndt, H. D. (1972). “Sediment yield computed with universal equation.” J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 98(12), 2087–2098.
Wischmeier, W. H., and Smith, D. D. (1978). “Predicting rainfall erosion losses.” Agriculture handbook No. 537, USDA-Science and Education Administration, Washington, D.C., 58.
Woolhiser, D. A., Smith, R. E., and Goodrich, D. C. (1990). KINEROS: A kinematic runoff and erosion model: Documentation and users manual, USDA Agriculture Research Service ARS-77, Fort Collins, Colo.
Wu, T. H., Hall, J. A., and Bonta, J. V. (1993). “Evaluation of runoff and erosion models.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 119(2), 364–382.
Wu, F.-C., Shen, H. W., and Chou, Y.-J. (1999). “Variation of roughness coefficients for unsubmerged and submerged vegetation.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(9), 934–942.
Young, R. A., Onstad, C. A., Bosch, D. D., and Anderson, W. P. (1989). “AGNPS: A nonpoint source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds.” J. Soil Water Conservat., 44(2), 168–173.
Zhao, D. H., Shen, H. W., Tabios, G. Q., Lai, J. S., and Tan, W. Y. (1994). “Finite-volume two-dimensional unsteady-flow model for river basins.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 120(7), 863–883.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 9 • September 2005
Pages: 755 - 769
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 27, 2003
Accepted: Dec 13, 2004
Published online: Sep 1, 2005
Published in print: Sep 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.