Impact of System Chemistry on Electroosmosis in Contaminated Soil
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 5
Abstract
Electroosmosis in a copper‐contaminated kaolinite was highly sensitive to chemical treatment schemes designed to remove the contamination. Non‐uniform profiles of electric field intensity and pH as well as negative pore‐water pressure develop during sustained electrokinetic treatment of clays. These nonlin‐earities and nonuniform pore‐water pressures cannot be adequately described by classical analysis. Classical analysis is based on assumptions of a uniform and constant electroosmotic permeability coefficient, for instance. An extended capillary model which includes nonuniform contributions to electroosmosis and pore pressures that vary with space and time, is developed and compared with experimental findings. Subtle changes in initial and boundary conditions of the system chemistry have a very large effect on electroosmosis in soils. For instance, acid addition at the cathode reservoir may cause reversal of the direction of electroosmotic flow. Other species, such as the citrate, may form stable complexes with copper ions, thus reducing the impact of copper on the zeta potential of the clay. The model is used to simulate these effects.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Acar, Y. B. (1992a). “Electrokinetic cleanups.” Civ. Engrg., ASCE, 62(10), 58–60.
2.
Acar, Y. B. (1992b). “Electrokinetic soil processing (a review of the state of the art).” Geotechnical Special Publication No. 30, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1420–1432.
3.
Acar, Y. B., and Hamed, J. (1991). “Electrokinetic soil processing in remediation/treatment—Synthesis of available data.” Transportation Research Record 1312, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 153–161.
4.
Acar, Y. B., Alshawabkeh, A. N., and Gale, R. J. (1993). “Fundamentals of extracting chemical species from soils by electrokinetics.” Waste Mgmt., 13(2), 141–151.
5.
Acar, Y. B., Li, H., and Gale, R. J. (1992). “Phenol removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 118(11), 1837–1852.
6.
Alshawabkeh, A, and Acar, Y. B. (1992). “Removal of contaminants from soils by electrokinetics: A theoretical treatise.” J. Envir. Sci. and Health, A27(7), 1835–1861.
7.
Anderson, J. L., and Idol, W. K. (1985). “Electroosmosis through pores with non‐uniformly charged walls.” Chem. Engrg. Commun., 38(1), 93–106.
8.
Banerjee, S., Horng, J., Ferguson, J. F., and Nelson, P. O. (1990). “Field scale feasibility of electrokinetic remediation.” Report RREL, CR811762‐01, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Land Pollut. Control Div., Cincinnati, Ohio.
9.
Bear, J. (1972). Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
10.
Bruell, C. J., Segall, B. A., and Walsh, M. T. (1992). “Electroosmotic removal of gasoline hydrocarbons and TCE from clay.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 118(1), 68–100.
11.
Casagrande, L. (1949). “Electroosmosis in soils.” Geotechnique, London, England,1(3), 159–177.
12.
Dukhin, S. S., and Derjaguin, B. V. (1974). “Equilibrium double layer and electrokinetic phenomena.” Electrokinetic phenomena. E. Matijevic, ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 49–272.
13.
Esrig, M. I. (1968). “Pore pressures, consolidation, and electrokinetics.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 94(4), 899–921.
14.
Eykholt, G. R. (1992). “Driving and complicating features of the electrokinetic treatment of contaminated soils,” PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Tex.
15.
Gray, D. H. (1970). “Electrochemical hardening of clay soils.” Geotechnique, London, England, 20(1), 81–93.
16.
Gray, D. H., and Mitchell, J. K. (1967). “Fundamental aspects of electro‐osmosis in soils.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 93(6), 209–236.
17.
Hamed, J. (1990). “Decontamination of soil using electro‐osmosis,” PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.
18.
Hamed, J., Acar, Y. B., and Gale, R. J. (1991). “Pb(II) removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(2), 241–271.
19.
Hunter, R. J. (1981). Zeta potential in colloid science. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
20.
Hunter, R. J., and Alexander, A. E. (1963). “Surface properties and flow behavior of kaolinite. Part I: Electrophoretic mobility and stability of kaolinite sols.” J. Colloid Sci., 18, 820–832.
21.
Lageman, R., Pool, W., and Seffinga, G. (1989). “Electro‐reclamation: Theory and practice.” Chemistry & Industry, Sep. 18, 585–590.
22.
Lewis, R. W., and Humpheson, C. (1973). “Numerical analysis of electro‐osmotic flow in soils.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 99(8), 603–616.
23.
Liang, L. (1977). “Electroosmotic dewatering of wastewater sludges,” PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Cambridge, Mass.
24.
Lockhart, N. C. (1983). “Electroosmotic dewatering of clays. II. Influence of salt, acid, and flocculants.” Colloids and Surfaces, 6, 239–251.
25.
Lorenz, P. B. (1969). “Surface conductance and electrokinetic properties of kaolinite beds.” Clays and Clay Minerals, 17, 223–231.
26.
Mise, T. (1961). “Electro‐osmotic dewatering of soil and distribution of the pore water pressure.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 1, 255–257.
27.
Mitchell, J. K. (1993). Fundamentals of soil behavior. 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
28.
Mitchell, J. K. (1991). “Conduction phenomena: From theory to geotechnical practice.” Geotechnique, London, England, 41(3), 299–340.
29.
O'Brien, R. W. (1986). “Electroosmosis in porous materials.” J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 110(2), 447–487.
30.
Olsen, H. W. (1972). “Liquid movement through kaolinite under hydraulic, electric, and osmotic gradients.” Am. Assoc. of Petroleum Geologists Bull., 56(10), 2022–2028.
31.
Pamukcu, S., and Whittle, J. K. (1992). “Electrokinetic removal of selected heavy metals from soil.” Envir. Progress, 11(3), 241–250.
32.
Probstein, R. F., and Hicks, R. E. (1993). “Removal of contaminants from soils by electric fields.” Sci., 260(16), 498–503.
33.
Rice, C. L., and Whitehead, R. (1965). “Electrokinetic flow in a narrow cylindrical capillary.” J. Phys. Chemistry, 69(11), 4017–4024.
34.
Runnels, D. D., and Larson, J. L. (1986). “A laboratory study of electromigration as a possible field technique for the removal of contaminants from ground water.” Ground Water Monitoring Rev., 81–91.
35.
Shapiro, A. P., Renaud, P. C, and Probstein, R. F. (1989). “Preliminary studies on the removal of chemical species from saturated porous media by electroos‐ mosis.” PhysicoChemical Hydrodynamics, 11(5/6), 785–802.
36.
Shapiro, A. P., and Probstein, R. F. (1993). “Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis.” Envir. Sci. and Tech., 27(2), 283–291.
37.
Sposito, G. (1984). The surface chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press.
38.
Wan, T. Y., and Mitchell, J. K. (1976). “Electro‐osmotic consolidation of soils.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 102(5), 473–491.
39.
Williams, D. J. A., and Williams, K. P. (1978). “Electrophoresis and zeta potential of kaolinite.” J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 65(1), 79–87.
40.
Yeung, A. T., and Mitchell, J. K. (1992). “Coupled fluid, electrical, and chemical flows in soil.” Geotechnique, London, England, 43(1), 121–134.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 22, 1993
Published online: May 1, 1994
Published in print: May 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.