Observation of Sea Ice Drift Characteristics with Marine Radar Images on an Offshore Platform in the Bohai Sea
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 4
Abstract
Radar images can be employed to examine features of the ice surface and to determine ice drift. In the winter of 2012–2013, sea ice drift in the Bohai Sea was monitored using a marine radar system installed on an offshore platform in Liaodong Bay. Radar images were continuously captured across the 57-day ice season and processed to determine ice surface features and drift. The correlation between ice velocity and current and wind velocity is analyzed using a statistical approach. The results indicate that ice speed in the Bohai Sea mainly varies between 0.3 and 0.8 m/s, with a maximum value of 1.8 m/s. There was a dominating direction of 60° clockwise from the North, with the Coriolis force causing a 20° difference in drift direction. The probability distribution function shows that both sea ice and wind velocities follow the typical Weibull distribution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFA0605902, 2016YFC1401505, and 2016YFC1402706) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41576179 and 51639004).
References
Ambrožič, M., and L. Gorjan. 2011. “Reliability of a Weibull analysis using the maximum-likelihood method.” J. Mater. Sci. 46 (6): 1862–1869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5014-2.
Capps, S. B., and C. S. Zender. 2010. “Estimated global ocean wind power potential from QuikSCAT observations, accounting for turbine characteristics and siting.” J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 115: D09101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012679.
Fleet, D., and Y. Weiss. 2006. “Optical flow estimation.” In Handbook of mathematical models in computer vision, edited by N. Paragios, Y. Chen, and O. Faugeras, 237–257. Boston, MA: Springer.
Haugen, J., L. Imsland, S. Løset, and R. Skjetne. 2011. “Ice observer system for ice management operations.” In Proc., 21st Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 1120–1127. Mountain View, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Heil, P., J. K. Hutchings, A. P. Worby, M. Johansson, J. Launiainen, C. Haas, and W. D. Hibler. 2008. “Tidal forcing on sea-ice drift and deformation in the western Weddell Sea in early austral summer, 2004.” Deep Sea Res. Part II 55 (8): 943–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.026.
Hibler, W. D. 1979. “A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model.” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9 (4): 815–846. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009%26lt;0815:ADTSIM%3E2.0.CO;2.
Ji, S., A. Wang, J. Su, and Q. Yue. 2011a. “Experimental studies on elastic modulus and flexural strength of sea ice in the Bohai Sea.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 25 (4): 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000035.
Ji, S., A. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Li, and Y. Yue. 2011b. “A digital image technology and its application for the sea ice field observation in the Bohai Sea.” Acta Oceanolog. Sin. 33 (4): 79–87.
Jinping, Z., and S. Maochong. 1993. “Numerical modelling of three-dimension characteristics of wind-driven current in the Bohai Sea.” Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 11 (1): 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02850729.
Kawaguchi, Y., M. Itoh, Y. Fukamachi, E. Moriya, J. Onodera, T. Kikuchi, N. Harada. 2019. “Year-round observations of sea-ice drift and near-inertial internal waves in the Northwind Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean.” Polar Sci. 21: 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2019.01.004.
Kjerstad, O. K., S. Løset, R. Skjetne, and R. A. Skarbo. 2018. “An ice-drift estimation algorithm using radar and ship motion measurements.” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 56 (6): 3007–3019. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2787996.
Kotovirta, V., R. Jalonen, L. Axell, K. Riska, and R. Berglund. 2009. “A system for route optimization in ice-covered waters.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 55 (1): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.07.003.
Kottmeier, C., and L. Sellmann. 1996. “Atmospheric and oceanic forcing of Weddell Sea ice motion.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 101 (C9): 20809–20824. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC01293.
Langleben, M. 1982. “Water drag coefficient of first-year sea ice.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 87 (C1): 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC01p00573.
Lu, P., Z. Li, L. Shi, and W. Huang. 2013. “Marine radar observations of iceberg distribution in the summer Southern Ocean.” Ann. Glaciol. 54 (62): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG62A086.
Lund, B., H. C. Graber, P. O. G. Persson, M. Smith, M. Doble, J. Thomson, and P. Wadhams. 2018. “Arctic sea ice drift measured by shipboard marine radar.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans. 123 (6): 4298–4321. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013769.
Mitchell, D. A., and S. Shafrova. 2018. “Application of a free drift tactical ice forecast model in pack ice conditions.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 156: 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.02.002.
Oikkonen, A., J. Haapala, M. Lensu, and J. Karvonen. 2016. “Sea ice drift and deformation in the coastal boundary zone.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (19): 10303–10310. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069632.
Oikkonen, A., J. Haapala, M. Lensu, J. Karvonen, and P. Itkin. 2017. “Small-scale sea ice deformation during N-ICE2015: From compact pack ice to marginal ice zone.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 122 (6): 5105–5120. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012387.
Park, H.-S., and A. L. Stewart. 2016. “An analytical model for wind-driven Arctic summer sea ice drift.” Cryosphere 10 (1): 227–244. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-227-2016.
Pease, C., S. Salo, and J. Overland. 1983. “Drag measurements for first-year sea ice over a shallow sea.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 88 (C5): 2853–2862. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC05p02853.
Rohith, M. V., J. Jones, H. Eicken, and C. Kambhamettu. 2013. “Extracting quantitative information on coastal ice dynamics and ice hazard events from marine radar digital imagery.” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 51 (5): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2217972.
Schweiger, A. J., and J. Zhang. 2015. “Accuracy of short-term sea ice drift forecasts using a coupled ice-ocean model.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 120 (12): 7827–7841. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011273.
Shan, B., L. Qinzheng, and W. Huiding. 2001. “Relation of ice conditions to climate change in the Bohai Sea of China.” Acta Oceanolog. Sin. 20 (3): 331–342.
Shevchenko, G. V., A. B. Rabinovich, and R. E. Thomson. 2004. “Sea-ice drift on the Northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island.” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (11): 2470–2491. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2632.1.
Shi, W., S. Yuan, N. Xu, W. Cheng, Y. Liu, and X. Liu. 2016. “Analysis of floe velocity characteristics in small-scaled zone in offshore waters in the eastern coast of Liaodong Bay.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 126: 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.04.004.
Soukissian, T. H., and C. Tsalis. 2015. “The effect of the generalized extreme value distribution parameter estimation methods in extreme wind speed prediction.” Nat. Hazards 78 (3): 1777–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1800-0.
Thomas, D. 1999. “The quality of sea ice velocity estimates.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 104 (C6): 13627–13652. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900086.
Thorndike, A., and R. Colony. 1982. “Sea ice motion in response to geostrophic winds.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 87 (C8): 5845–5852. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC08p05845.
Vihma, T., J. Launiainen, and J. Uotila. 1996. “Weddell sea ice drift: Kinematics and wind forcing.” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 101 (C8): 18279–18296. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC01441.
Xu, N., Q. Yue, Y. Qu, X. Bi, and A. Palmer. 2011. “Results of field monitoring on ice actions on conical structures.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 133 (4): 041502. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4003392.
Yang, G. 2000. “Bohai Sea ice conditions.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 14 (2): 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2000)14:2(54).
Yuan, S., W. Q. Shi, X. Q. Liu, N. Xu, and W. Chen. 2015. “Ice type extraction of rough ice in the eastern coast of Liaodong Bay with shore-based radar.” Nat. Hazard. 76 (2): 1263–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1547-z.
Yue, Q., and X. Bi. 2000. “Ice-induced jacket structure vibrations in Bohai Sea.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 14 (2): 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2000)14:2(81).
Yue, Q., F. Guo, and T. Kärnä. 2009. “Dynamic ice forces of slender vertical structures due to ice crushing.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 56 (2): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.11.008.
Yue, Q., Y. Qu, X. Bi, and K. Tuomo. 2007. “Ice force spectrum on narrow conical structures.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 49 (2): 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.02.002.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 4 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 3, 2019
Accepted: Mar 5, 2021
Published online: May 13, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 13, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.