Evaluation Methodology of Laminar-Turbulent Flow State for Fluidized Material with Special Reference to Submarine Landslide
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 1
Abstract
Submarine landslides have destroyed many ocean engineering facilities and induced catastrophic tsunamis, causing considerable loss of lives and properties. However, the evolution process of submarine landslides is highly complicated and difficult to describe with a unified mechanical framework. For fluidized landslides with wider influence ranges, faster migration velocities, and stronger impact forces, it is necessary not only to describe the constitutive model but also to determine the flow state. First, based on the essential rheological test for determining constitutive models, the relevant method and principle are thoroughly analyzed, and the formula for calculating the Reynolds number of fluidized submarine landslides in the entire shear process is derived. Taking the critical Reynolds number as the evaluation standard, a methodology to distinguish the flow state (laminar or turbulent) of fluidized landslides is quantitatively proposed. Second, through the low-temperature rheological test, the proposed formula and methodology are briefly applied to the natural submarine sediment samples in the South China Sea. In addition, the point of contraflexure of the rheological curve is consistent with the critical Reynolds number calculated by the formula, and the validity of this methodology is further verified. Finally, the mechanism of the flow-state transition is systematically analyzed by the internal evolution of the structure of the fluidized sediment samples in the shear process. This study provides important support for understanding the migration of fluidized submarine landslides.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 42077272, 52079020, and 51879036) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Project No. 2018YFC0309203). Seabed temperature data of the South China Sea for this study were supplied by the South China Sea and Adjacent Seas Data Center, National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China (http://ocean.geodata.cn). This support was gratefully acknowledged.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- cross-sectional area of the flow (m2);
- Cv
- volumetric concentration of the fluidized submarine sediment sample;
- D
- diameter of the vane rotor (m);
- d
- hydraulic radius (m);
- ds
- specific gravity of the soil particles;
- dt
- time differential;
- du
- velocity differential;
- du/dy
- velocity gradient;
- dy
- distance differential;
- dγ
- train differential;
- H
- height of the vane rotor (m);
- Kγ
- shear rate constant;
- M
- torque on the vane rotor (N · m);
- ms
- mass of the soil particles (g);
- mw
- mass of the water (g);
- R
- radius of the cylindrical container (m);
- r
- radius of the vane rotor (m);
- Re
- Reynolds number;
- Rec
- critical Reynolds number;
- t
- shear time (s);
- U∞
- velocity of the fluidized submarine landslide (m/s);
- ur
- submarine landslide velocity of the vane rotor outermost layer (m/s);
- uw
- submarine landslide velocity of the shear zone outermost layer (m/s);
- Vs
- volume of the soil particles (cm3);
- Vw
- volume of the water (cm3);
- w
- water content of the fluidized submarine sediment sample;
- wL
- liquid limit of the fluidized submarine sediment sample;
- γ
- shear time;
- shear rate (s−1);
- Δy
- horizontal length of the shear zone cross section (m);
- μ
- dynamic viscosity coefficient (N · s/m2);
- μapp
- apparent viscosity (Pa · s);
- ρ
- density (kg/m3);
- τ
- shear stress (Pa);
- χ
- wet perimeter (m2); and
- ω
- angular velocity (rad/s).
References
Acosta, E. A., S. Tibana, M. D. S. S. Almeida, and F. Saboya, Jr. 2017. “Centrifuge modeling of hydroplaning in submarine slopes.” Ocean Eng. 129: 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.10.047.
Barnes, H. A., and Q. D. Nguyen. 2001. “Rotating vane rheometry—A review.” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 98 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00095-7.
Boukpeti, N., D. J. White, M. F. Randolph, and H. E. Low. 2012. “Strength of fine-grained soils at the solid–fluid transition.” Géotechnique 62 (3): 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.069.
Breien, H., M. Pagliardi, F. V. De Blasio, D. Issler, and A. Elverhøi. 2007. “Experimental studies of subaqueous vs. subaerial debris flows–velocity characteristics as a function of the ambient fluid.” In Submarine mass movements and their consequences, edited by V. Lykousis, D. Sakellariou, and J. Locat, 101–110. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Brookfield Engineering Labs. 2006. “More solutions to sticky problems.” Accessed June 2017. https://www.brookfieldengineering.cn/-/media/ametekbrookfield/tech-sheets/more-solutions-2017.pdf?dmc=1&la=zh-cn&revision=50010975-7367-4595-9081-8098632783ee&hash=09090D1ACADC9DABF6013D1D56D1310C.
Bruschi, R., S. Bughi, M. Spinazzè, E. Torselletti, and L. Vitali. 2006. “Impact of debris flows and turbidity currents on seafloor structures.” Norw. J. Geol. 86 (3): 317–336.
Clarke, S., T. Hubble, J. Webster, D. Airey, E. D. Carli, C. Ferraz, P. Reimer, R. Boyd, and J. Keene. 2016. “Sedimentology, structure and age estimate of five continental slope submarine landslides, eastern Australia.” Aust. J. Earth Sci. 63 (5): 631–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2016.1225600.
Dong, Y., D. Wang, and M. F. Randolph. 2017. “Investigation of impact forces on pipeline by submarine landslide using material point method.” Ocean Eng. 146: 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.008.
Dott, J. R. 1963. “Dynamics of subaqueous gravity depositional processes.” AAPG Bull. 47 (1): 104–128. https://doi.org/10.1306/bc743973-16be-11d7-8645000102c1865d.
Dutta, S., and B. Hawlader. 2019. “Pipeline–soil–water interaction modeling for submarine landslide impact on suspended offshore pipelines.” Géotechnique 69 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.084.
Elger, J., C. Berndt, L. Rüpke, S. Krastel, F. Gross, and W. H. Geissler. 2018. “Submarine slope failures due to pipe structure formation.” Nat. Commun. 9 (1): 715. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03176-1.
Fei, X. J., Z. C. Kang, and Y. Y. Wang. 1991. “Effect of fine grained and debris flow slurry bodies on debris flow motion.” [In Chinese.] Mt. Res. 9 (3): 143–152.
Feng, X. R., B. S. Yin, S. Gao, P. T. Wang, T. Bai, and D. Z. Yang. 2017. “Assessment of tsunami hazard for coastal areas of Shandong Province, China.” Appl. Ocean Res. 62: 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.12.001.
Gee, M. J. R., H. S. Uy, J. Warren, C. K. Morley, and J. J. Lambiase. 2007. “The Brunei slide: A giant submarine landslide on the North West Borneo Margin revealed by 3D seismic data.” Mar. Geol. 246 (1): 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.07.009.
Guo, X. S., T. K. Nian, N. Fan, and Y. G. Jia. 2020a. “Optimization design of a honeycomb–hole submarine pipeline under a hydrodynamic landslide impact.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2020.1801919.
Guo, X. S., T. K. Nian, Z. T. Wang, W. Zhao, N. Fan, and H. B. Jiao. 2020b. “Low-temperature rheological behavior of submarine mudflows.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 146 (2): 04019043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000551.
Guo, X. S., T. K. Nian, F. W. Wang, and L. Zheng. 2019a. “Landslides impact reduction effect by using honeycomb–hole submarine pipeline.” Ocean Eng. 187: 106155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106155.
Guo, X. S., T. K. Nian, D. F. Zheng, and P. Yin. 2018. “A methodology for designing test models of the impact of submarine debris flows on pipelines based on Reynolds criterion.” Ocean Eng. 166: 226–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.08.027.
Guo, X. S., D. F. Zheng, T. K. Nian, and L. T. Lv. 2020c. “Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 38 (7): 804–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1632996.
Guo, X. S., D. F. Zheng, T. K. Nian, and P. Yin. 2019b. “Effect of different span heights on the pipeline impact forces induced by deep-sea landslides.” Appl. Ocean Res. 87: 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.03.009.
Hance, J. J. 2003. Submarine slope stability. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Handwerger, A. L., A. W. Rempel, and R. M. Skarbek. 2017. “Submarine landslides triggered by destabilization of high-saturation hydrate anomalies.” Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 18 (7): 2429–2445. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006706.
Hsu, S. K., J. Kuo, C. L. Lo, C. H. Tsai, W. B. Doo, C. Y. Ku, and J. C. Sibuet. 2008. “Turbidity currents, submarine landslides and the 2006 Pingtung earthquake off SW Taiwan.” Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 19 (6): 767–772. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2008.19.6.767(PT).
Jeanjean, P., E. Liedtke, E. C. Clukey, K. Hampson, and T. Evans. 2005. “An operator’s perspective on offshore risk assessment and geotechnical design in geohazard-prone areas.” In Proc. Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, 115–143. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Jeong, S. W. 2013. “Determining the viscosity and yield surface of marine sediments using modified Bingham models.” Geosci. J. 17 (3): 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-013-0038-7.
Kvalstad, T. J., L. Andresen, C. F. Forsberg, K. Berg, P. Bryn, and M. Wangen. 2005. “The Storegga slide: Evaluation of triggering sources and slide mechanics.” Mar. Pet. Geol. 22 (1–2): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.019.
Lamarche, G., C. Joanne, and J. Y. Collot. 2008. “Successive, large mass-transport deposits in the south Kermadec fore-arc basin, New Zealand: The Matakaoa submarine instability complex.” Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9 (4): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001843.
L’Heureux, J. S., M. Vanneste, L. Rise, J. Brendryen, C. F. Forsberg, F. Nadim, O. Longva, S. Chand, T. J. Kvalstad, and H. Haflidason. 2013. “Stability, mobility and failure mechanism for landslides at the upper continental slope off Vesterålen, Norway.” Mar. Geol. 346: 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.009.
Locat, J., and H. J. Lee. 2002. “Submarine landslides: Advances and challenges.” Can. Geotech. J. 39 (1): 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-089.
Ma, Y. 2014. “Study on submarine landslide and trigger mechanism along the continental slope of the Northern South China Sea.” Doctoral thesis, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean Univ. of China.
Meiburg, E., and B. Kneller. 2010. “Turbidity currents and their deposits.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 42 (1): 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-145618.
Mohrig, D., K. X. Whipple, M. Hondzo, C. Ellis, and G. Parker. 1998. “Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 110 (3): 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110%3C0387:HOSDF%26gt;2.3.CO;2.
Nadim, F., G. Biscontin, and A. Kaynia. 2007. “Seismic triggering of submarine slides.” In Offshore Technology Conf. https://doi.org/10.4043/18911-MS.
Nian, T. K., X. S. Guo, N. Fan, H. B. Jiao, and D. Y. Li. 2018. “Impact forces of submarine landslides on suspended pipelines considering the low-temperature environment.” Appl. Ocean Res. 81: 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.016.
Nian, T. K., X. S. Guo, D. F. Zheng, Z. X. Xiu, and Z. B. Jiang. 2019. “Susceptibility assessment of regional submarine landslides triggered by seismic actions.” Appl. Ocean Res. 93: 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101964.
Perez-Gruszkiewicz, S. E. 2012. “Reducing underwater-slide impact forces on pipelines by streamlining.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 138 (2): 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000113.
Pusch, R. 1970. “Microstructural changes in soft quick clay at failure.” Can. Geotech. J. 7 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1139/t70-001.
Qian, X., J. Xu, Y. Bai, and H. S. Das. 2020. “Formation and estimation of peak impact force on suspended pipelines due to submarine debris flow.” Ocean Eng. 195: 106695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106695.
Ramadan, K. T., M. A. Omar, and A. A. Allam. 2014. “Modeling of tsunami generation and propagation under the effect of stochastic submarine landslides and slumps spreading in two orthogonal directions.” Ocean Eng. 75: 90–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.11.013.
Randolph, M. F., D. Seo, and D. J. White. 2010. “Parametric solutions for slide impact on pipelines.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (7): 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000314.
Rashid, H., K. Mackillop, J. Sherwin, D. J. W. Piper, B. Marche, and M. Vermooten. 2017. “Slope instability on a shallow contourite-dominated continental margin, southeastern grand banks, eastern Canada.” Mar. Geol. 393: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.01.001.
Ren, Z., X. Zhao, and H. Liu. 2019. “Numerical study of the landslide tsunami in the South China Sea using Herschel–Bulkley rheological theory.” Phys. Fluids 31 (5): 056601. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087245.
Rzadkiewicz, S. A., C. Mariotti, and P. Heinrich. 1997. “Numerical simulation of submarine landslides and their hydraulic effects.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 123 (4): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1997)123:4(149).
Sassa, S., and H. Sekiguchi. 2010. “LIQSEDFLOW: Role of two-phase physics in subaqueous sediment gravity flows.” Soils Found. 50 (4): 495–504. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.50.495.
Sassa, S., and H. Sekiguchi. 2012. “Dynamics of submarine liquefied sediment flows: Theory, experiments and analysis of field behavior.” In Vol. 31 of Submarine mass movements and their consequences. advances in natural and technological hazards research, edited by Y. Yanmada, K. Kawamura, K. Ikehara, Y. Ogawa, R. Urgeles, D. Mosher, J. Chaytor, and M. Strasser, 405–416. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Sassa, S., and T. Takagawa. 2019. “Liquefied gravity flow-induced tsunami: First evidence and comparison from the 2018 Indonesia Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami disasters.” Landslides 16 (1): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1114-x.
Scotto di Santolo, A., A. M. Pellegrino, and A. Evangelista. 2010. “Experimental study on the rheological behaviour of debris flow.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10 (12): 2507–2514. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2507-2010.
Scotto di Santolo, A., A. M. Pellegrino, A. Evangelista, and P. Coussot. 2012. “Rheological behaviour of reconstituted pyroclastic debris flow.” Géotechnique 62 (1): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.005.
Shanmugam, G. 2015. “The landslide problem.” J. Palaeogeogr. 4 (2): 109–166. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1261.2015.00071.
Si, G. 2007. “Experimental study of the rheology of fine-grained slurries and some numerical simulations of downslope slurry movements.” Masters thesis, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Oslo.
Thibodeaux, L. J., K. T. Valsaraj, V. T. John, K. D. Papadopoulos, L. R. Pratt, and N. S. Pesika. 2011. “Marine oil fate: Knowledge gaps, basic research, and development needs; A perspective based on the deepwater horizon spill.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 28 (2): 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2010.0276.
Urgeles, R., and A. Camerlenghi. 2013. “Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution.” J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surface 118 (4): 2600–2618. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002720.
Wang, F., Z. Dai, Y. Nakahara, and T. Sonoyama. 2018. “Experimental study on impact behavior of submarine landslides on undersea communication cables.” Ocean Eng. 148: 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.11.050.
Weimer, P., R. M. Slatt, and R. Bouroulllec. 2007. Introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings. Tulsa, OK: AAPG and Datapages.
Yuan, F., L. Wang, Z. Guo, and Y. Xie. 2012. “A refined analytical model for landslide or debris flow impact on pipelines. Part I: Surface pipelines.” Appl. Ocean Res. 35: 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2011.12.001.
Zakeri, A., K. Høeg, and F. Nadim. 2008. “Submarine debris flow impact on pipelines—Part I: Experimental investigation.” Coastal Eng. 55 (12): 1209–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.06.003.
Zakeri, A., K. Høeg, and F. Nadim. 2009. “Submarine debris flow impact on pipelines—Part II: Numerical analysis.” Coastal Eng. 56 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.06.005.
Zhou, Q., X. Li, H. Zhou, L. Liu, Y. Xu, S. Gao, and L. Ma. 2019. “Characteristics and genetic analysis of submarine landslides in the northern slope of the South China Sea.” Mar. Geophys. Res. 40 (3): 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9369-0.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 1 • January 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 11, 2020
Accepted: Aug 10, 2020
Published online: Nov 4, 2020
Published in print: Jan 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 4, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.