Probabilistic Assessment of Storage Tanks Subjected to Waterborne Debris Impacts during Storm Events
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 3
Abstract
Probabilistic models to evaluate the vulnerability of aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) subjected to waterborne debris impacts during storm surge events are currently lacking, despite evidence of debris-induced damage during past severe storms. This paper addresses a gap in understanding the vulnerability of ASTs subjected to waterborne debris, such as shipping containers, by deriving simulation-based fragility models and an associated risk assessment framework for probabilistic performance assessment. First, finite-element models of ASTs and a shipping container are developed to perform debris impact analyses and assess the potential for damage; the shipping container model is also validated against experimental results. Parametrized fragility models are derived using a statistical sampling method, results of debris impact analyses, and logistic regression. Fragility models are derived for two damage mechanisms: inelastic damage of the tank shell and sliding. Next, this study presents a risk assessment framework to evaluate the probability of an AST being impacted by debris and to demonstrate how the derived fragility models can be employed to evaluate and mitigate the vulnerability of ASTs located in industrial areas. The framework is illustrated for a case study storage tank terminal. Insights obtained from the fragility and risk assessments reveal that large ASTs are less vulnerable than are small ASTs to debris impacts, and that neglecting debris impacts for ASTs located near potential debris sources can significantly underestimate the vulnerability of ASTs during storm surge events.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of this research by the National Science Foundation under award CMMI-1635784. The first author was also supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The authors thank Prof. Clint Dawson (University of Texas at Austin) for providing the ADCIRC + SWAN data. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
References
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2013. Welded tanks for oil storage. API Standard 650. Washington, DC: API.
Bernier, C. 2019. “Fragility and risk assessment of aboveground storage tanks during storm events.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice Univ.
Bernier, C., J. R. Elliott, J. E. Padgett, F. Kellerman, and P. B. Bedient. 2017. “Evolution of social vulnerability and risks of chemical spills during storm surge along the Houston Ship Channel.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 18 (4): 04017013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000252.
Bernier, C., S. Kameshwar, J. R. Elliott, J. E. Padgett, and P. B. Bedient. 2018. “Mitigation strategies to protect petrochemical infrastructure and nearby communities during storm surge.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 19 (4): 04018019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000309.
Bernier, C., and J. E. Padgett. 2019. “Neural networks for estimating storm surge loads on storage tanks.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering. Seoul: Seoul National University.
Caputo, A. C., F. Paolacci, O. S. Bursi, and R. Giannini. 2019. “Problems and perspectives in seismic quantitative risk analysis of chemical process plants.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 141 (1): 010901.
Charvet, I., A. Suppasri, H. Kimura, D. Sugawara, and F. Imamura. 2015. “A multivariate generalized linear tsunami fragility model for Kesennuma City based on maximum flow depths, velocities and debris impact, with evaluation of predictive accuracy.” Nat. Hazards 79 (3): 2073–2099.
Como, A., and H. Mahmoud. 2013. “Numerical evaluation of tsunami debris impact loading on wooden structural walls.” Eng. Struct. 56: 1249–1261.
Containex. 2013. “Technical specifications for steel dry cargo container 20′×8′×8′6′′ ISO 1CC type.” Accessed August 18, 2018. http://www.containex.com/en/products/shipping-container.
Cowper, G. R., and P. S. Symonds. 1957. Strain-hardening and strain-rate effects in the impact loading of cantilever beams. Providence, RI: Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown Univ.
Cozzani, V., M. Campedel, E. Renni, and E. Krausmann. 2010. “Industrial accidents triggered by flood events: Analysis of past accidents.” J. Hazard. Mater. 175 (1–3): 501–509.
Derschum, C., I. Nistor, J. Stolle, and N. Goseberg. 2018. “Debris impact under extreme hydrodynamic conditions part 1: Hydrodynamics and impact geometry.” Coastal Eng. 141: 24–35.
Ebersole, B. A., T. C. Massey, J. A. Melby, N. C. Nadal-Caraballo, D. L. Hendon, T. W. Richardson, and R. W. Whalin. 2016. Interim report—Ike Dike concept for reducing hurricane storm surge in the Houston-Galveston region. Jackson, MS: Jackson State Univ.
Eligehausen, R., R. Mallee, and J. F. Silva. 2006. Anchorage in concrete construction. Berlin: Wiley.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2016. RRT6 fact sheet #103a: Flood preparedness recommended best practices. Dallas, TX: EPA.
Godoy, L. 2007. “Performance of storage tanks in oil facilities damaged by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 21 (6): 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:6(441).
Hatzikyriakou, A., and N. Lin. 2017. “Impact of performance interdependencies on structural vulnerability: A systems perspective of storm surge risk to coastal residential communities.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 158: 106–116.
Hatzikyriakou, A., N. Lin, J. Gong, S. Xian, X. Hu, and A. Kennedy. 2016. “Component-Based vulnerability analysis for residential structures subjected to storm surge impact from Hurricane Sandy.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 17 (1): 05015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000205.
Herbin, A. H., and M. Barbato. 2012. “Fragility curves for building envelope components subject to windborne debris impact.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 107–108: 285–298.
Houston-Galveston Area Council. 2014. “Aerial and LiDAR Imagery.” Accessed January 27, 2016. http://www.h-gac.com/imagery/default.aspx.
Kameshwar, S., and J. E. Padgett. 2016. “Stochastic modeling of geometric imperfections in aboveground storage tanks for probabilistic buckling capacity estimation.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 2 (2): C4015005.
Kameshwar, S., and J. E. Padgett. 2018. “Fragility and resilience indicators for portfolio of Oil storage tanks subjected to hurricanes.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 24 (2): 04018003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000418.
Krausmann, E., and F. Mushtaq. 2008. “A qualitative Natech damage scale for the impact of floods on selected industrial facilities.” Nat. Hazards 46 (2): 179–197.
Landucci, G., G. Antonioni, A. Tugnoli, and V. Cozzani. 2012. “Release of hazardous substances in flood events: Damage model for atmospheric storage tanks.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 106: 200–216.
Leonards, G. A. 1965. Experimental study of static and dynamic friction between soil and typical construction materials. Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.
Lin, N., and E. Vanmarcke. 2010. “Windborne debris risk analysis—Part I. Introduction and methodology.” Wind Struct. 13 (2): 191–206.
Madurapperuma, M. A. K. M., and A. C. Wijeyewickrema. 2013. “Response of reinforced concrete columns impacted by tsunami dispersed 20′ and 40′ shipping containers.” Eng. Struct. 56: 1631–1644.
Mckay, M. D., R. J. Beckman, and W. J. Conover. 1979. “A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code.” Technometrics 21 (2): 239–245.
Naito, C., C. Cercone, H. R. Riggs, and D. Cox. 2014. “Procedure for site assessment of the potential for tsunami debris impact.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 140 (2): 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000222.
Naito, C., D. Cox, Q. K. Yu, and H. Brooker. 2013. “Fuel storage container performance during the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, Tsunami.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 27 (4): 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000339.
Nistor, I., N. Goseberg, J. Stolle, T. Mikami, T. Shibayama, R. Nakamura, and S. Matsuba. 2017a. “Experimental investigations of debris dynamics over a horizontal plane.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 143 (3): 04016022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000371.
Nistor, I., N. Goseberg, and J. Stolle. 2017b. “Tsunami-driven debris motion and loads: A critical review.” Front. Built Environ. 3: 1–11.
Nouri, Y., I. Nistor, D. A. N. Palermo, and A. Cornett. 2010. “Experimental investigation of tsunami impact on free standing structures.” Coastal Eng. J. 52 (1): 43–70.
Paultre, P. 2011. Dynamics of structures. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Piran Aghl, P., C. J. Naito, and H. R. Riggs. 2014. “Full-Scale experimental study of impact demands resulting from high mass, Low velocity debris.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (5): 04014006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000948.
Piran Aghl, P., C. J. Naito, and H. R. Riggs. 2015a. “Estimation of demands resulting from inelastic axial impact of steel debris.” Eng. Struct. 82: 11–21.
Piran Aghl, P., C. J. Naito, and H. R. Riggs. 2015b. “Effect of nonstructural mass on debris impact demands: Experimental and simulation studies.” Eng. Struct. 88: 163–175.
Rabbat, B. G., and H. G. Russell. 1985. “Friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout.” J. Struct. Eng. 111 (3): 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:3(505).
Riggs, H. R., D. T. Cox, C. J. Naito, M. H. Kobayashi, P. Piran Aghl, H. T.-S. Ko, and E. Khowitar. 2014. “Experimental and analytical study of water-driven debris impact forces on structures.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 136 (4): 041603.
Robertson, I. N., H. R. Riggs, S. C. Yim, and Y. L. Young. 2007. “Lessons from Hurricane Katrina storm surge on bridges and buildings.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 133 (6): 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:6(463).
Sengul, H., N. Santella, L. J. Steinberg, and A. M. Cruz. 2012. “Analysis of hazardous material releases due to natural hazards in the United States.” Disasters 36 (4): 723–743.
Shafiei, S., B. W. Melville, A. Y. Shamseldin, K. N. Adams, and S. Beskhyroun. 2016. “Experimental investigation of tsunami-borne debris impact force on structures: Factors affecting impulse-momentum formula.” Ocean Eng. 127: 158–169.
Stolle, J., C. Derschum, N. Goseberg, I. Nistor, and E. Petriu. 2018a. “Debris impact under extreme hydrodynamic conditions part 2: Impact force responses for non-rigid debris collisions.” Coastal Eng. 141: 107–118.
Stolle, J., N. Goseberg, I. Nistor, and E. Petriu. 2018b. “Probabilistic investigation and risk assessment of debris transport in extreme hydrodynamic conditions.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 144 (1): 04017039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000428.
Stolle, J., N. Goseberg, I. Nistor, and E. Petriu. 2019. “Debris impact forces on flexible structures in extreme hydrodynamic conditions.” J. Fluids Struct. 84: 391–407.
Stolle, J., I. Nistor, N. Goseberg, T. Mikami, and T. Shibayama. 2017. “Entrainment and transport dynamics of shipping containers in extreme hydrodynamic conditions.” Coastal Eng. J. 59 (03): 1750011.
Stolle, J., I. Nistor, N. Goseberg, and E. Petriu. 2018c. “Probabilistic investigation of debris impact velocities during extreme flooding events.” In Proc., 36th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Reston, VA: ASCE.
USACE (United States Army Corps of Engineers). 2008. Coastal engineering manual—Part II. Washington, DC: USACE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 3 • May 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 28, 2019
Accepted: Sep 9, 2019
Published online: Mar 16, 2020
Published in print: May 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.