Full-Scale Flume Experiments to Analyze the Surface Erosion Resistance of Dike Embankments Made of Dredged Materials
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 3
Abstract
Dike embankments are usually protected using a revetment structure or a grass cover. On German sea dikes, marsh clay (North Sea) and glacial marl or bolder clay (Baltic Sea) are used mainly as erosion-resistant cover materials. The marl is usually covered with a thin soil layer if grass needs to be established. In recent years, more and more institutions have shown an interest in the use of fine-grained dredged materials, sometimes rich in organic matter, as a replacement for the standard materials. In Europe, dredged materials are legally considered as waste once they are taken out of the water body, although only a small proportion is contaminated. The embankments of dikes and levees are subject to heavy attack by water forces; thus, replacement materials need to be able to withstand these forces. Therefore, overflowing tests with turbulent, supercritical flow conditions were performed to analyze the erosion resistance of dredged materials on a full-scale dike embankment. The tests, which were based on a recent standard, show promising results, supporting different studies that state a grass cover is much more stable than usually assumed in embankment design and that the used dredged materials allow a particularly erosion-resistant grass cover to grow. The test method, however, also shows its limitations in investigating slope failure other than surface soil detachment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cofinancing for the DredgDikes project by the South Baltic Programme (ERDF) as well as the contributions of the DredgDikes project partners.
References
Allsop, W., Kortenhaus, A., and Morris, M. (2006). “Failure mechanisms for flood defence structures.” FLOODsite Project Rep. T04-06-01, HR Wallingford Group, Wallingford, U.K.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard index test method for determination of unvegetated rolled erosion control product (RECP) ability to protect soil from rain splash and associated runoff under bench-scale conditions.” D7101-13, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test method for the determination of unvegetated rolled erosion control product (RECP) ability to protect soil from hydraulically-induced shear stresses under bench-scale conditions.” D7270-05, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test method for determination of rolled erosion control product (RECP): Performance in protecting earthen channels from stormwater-induced erosion.” D6460-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
Ausschuss für Küstenschutzwerke. (2007). EAK 2002: Empfehlungen für die Ausführung von Küstenschutzwerken [Recommendations for the design of coastal protection structures], Vol. 65, West Holstein Verl.-Anst, Heide i. Holstein, Germany, 589 (in German).
Beyer, K., Grabe, J., Kaschel, G., and Timmers, V. (2012). “Development of a large-scale environmental chamber to investigate the desiccation behavior of flood embankment profiles.” Proc., 12th Baltic Sea Geotechnical Conf., International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, London, 244–250.
Bremischer Deichverband. (2013). “Verwendung von Baggergut im Deichbau [Use of dredged material in dike construction].” ⟨http://www.deichverband-bremen-alw.de/baggergut.0.html⟩ (Sep. 22, 2016) (in German).
Briaud, J., Ting, F., Chen, H., Cao, Y., Han, S., and Kwak, K. (2001). “Erosion function apparatus for scour rate predictions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 105–113.
Cantré, S., Große, A.-K., Neumann, R., Nitschke, E., Henneberg, M., and Saathoff, F. (2013). “Fine-grained organic dredged materials for dike cover layers—Material characterisation and experimental results.” Proc., World Dredging Congress and Exhibition WODCON XX, World Dredging Association, Brussels, Belgium, 1–14.
Cantré, S., and Saathoff, F. (2013). “Investigation of dredged materials in combination with geosynthetics used in dike construction.” Procedia Eng., 57, 213–221.
De Visser, M. M. (2007). “A clay layer as a revetment for sea dikes—The behaviour of clay under wave loading.” Master thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
DIN. (2015). “Geosynthetics—Part 1: Terms and definitions.” DIN EN ISO 10318-1:2015-10, Beuth, Berlin.
EC (European Commission). (2000). “The European Waste Catalogue.” 2000/532/EC, Brussels, Belgium.
Geisenhainer, P., and Oumeraci, H. (2008). “Sea dike breach initiation and development. Large scale experiments in GWK.” FLOODsite Project Rep. T06-08-12, HR Wallingford Group, Wallingford, U.K.
Gröngröft, A., Gebert, J., Berger, K., and Maaß, B. (2005). “Verwendung von Baggergut als Material für die Dichtung von Deponien, den Deichbau, zur Verfüllung und zur Bodenverbesserung [Use of dredged material as sealing layer in landfill construction, fill material and soil improvement].” Hamburger Bodenkundliche Arbeiten, Vol. 56, 209–223 (in German).
Große, A. K., Cantré, S., and Saathoff, F. (2014). “The applicability of disintegration tests for cohesive organic soils.” J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage., 23(1), 1–14.
Hanson, G. J., and Cook, K. R. (2004). “Apparatus, test procedures, and analytical methods to measure soil erodibility in situ.” Appl. Eng. Agric., 20(4), 455–462.
HELCOM. (2007). “HELCOM Guidelines for the disposal of dredged material at sea.” Final Rep., Helsinki, Finland.
Herrier, G., Chevalier, C., Froumentin, M., Cuisinier, O., Bonelli, S., and Fry, J.-J. (2012). “Lime treated soil as an erosion-resistant material for hydraulic earthen structures.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion, Paris, 585–592.
Hoffmans, G. J. C. M. (2012). The influence of turbulence on soil erosion, Eburon Academic, Delft, Netherlands.
HS Engineers. (2013). “Inductive current meters ISM-2001.” ⟨http://www.dr-schlueter-vdi.de/englisch/ISM21-Pe.pdf⟩ (Jan. 14, 2015).
Hughes, S. A. (2010). “Flood-side wave erosion of earthen levees: Present state of knowledge and assessment of armoring necessity.” Final Rep., Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
ILIT (Independent Levee Investigation Team). (2006). “Investigation of the performance of the New Orleans flood protection systems in Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005—Overtopping induced erosion studies.” ⟨http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/projects/neworleans⟩ (Jan. 23, 2014).
LUBW (State Agency for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg). (2004). Überströmbare dämme und dammscharten [Overflowing dams], 1st Ed., No. 90, Karlsruhe, Germany (in German).
Marsh-McBirney, Inc. (1990). “Flo-Mate, Model 2000 portable flowmeter instruction manual.” ⟨http://www.hachflow.com/pdf/Model_2000_Manual.pdf⟩ (Apr. 1, 2015).
Möller, J., et al. (2002). “Interaction of wave overtopping and clay properties for seadikes.” Proc., 28th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering (ICCE), Vol. 2, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2105–2127.
Netzband, A., Christiansen, H., Maaß, B., and Werner, G. (1998). “Relocation of dredged material from Hamburg harbour in the River Elbe.” Water Sci. Technol., 37(6–7), 241–248.
NTPEP (National Transportation Product Evaluation Program). (2015). “Erosion control products (ECPs).” ⟨http://www.ntpep.org/Pages/ECP.aspx⟩ (Sep. 13, 2015).
Olschewski, J., Cantré, S., Saathoff, F., Duszyński, R., and Ossowski, R. (2014). “Overflowing tests at the Polish DredgDikes research dike–stability of the dike surface against erosion.” Eng. Struct. Technol., 6(4), 159–168.
Pepperl+Fuchs. (2014). “Ultrasonic sensor UC500-30GM-E6R2-V15.” ⟨http://files.pepperl-fuchs.com/selector_files/navi/productInfo/45/450053d.pdf⟩ (Sep. 13, 2015).
Piontkowitz, T. (2010). “EroGRASS: Large-scale investigations of grass cover failure at sea dikes.” ⟨http://hydralab.eu/uploads/proceedings/GWK-20_Piontkowitz.pdf⟩ (Apr. 20, 2014).
Pohl, C., and Vavrina, L. (2008). “New Approaches for geotechnical design of Baltic Sea dikes.” Proc., 11th Baltic Sea Geotechnical Conf., Z. M?ynarek, ed., International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, London, 1005–1012.
Pullen, T. (2007). EurOtop: Wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures: Assessment manual, Boyens Medien, Heide i. Holstein, Germany.
Quandt, T., and Henneberg, M. (2011). “Deponierekultivierung mit gereiftem Baggergut am Beispiel der Siedlungsabfalldeponie Grimmen (M-V) [Landfill recultivation with ripened dredged material using the example of the municipal landfill Grimmen].” 7. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung, Hochschule fu¨r Technik, Wirtschaft und Kultur Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, 139–150 (in German).
Reiffsteck, P., Haghighi, I., and Chevalier, C. (2012). “Erodibility diagnostic of existing hydraulic earthworks by mobile jets erosion test.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion, 1–8.
Saathoff, F., Cantré, S., and Sikora, Z. (2015a). “South Baltic guideline for the application of dredged materials, coal combustion products and geosynthetics in dike construction.” Rostock Univ. Press, Rostock, Germany. ⟨http://www.dredgdikes.eu/wp-content/uploads/DredgDikes_Guideline_EN_II_online.pdf⟩ (Aug. 22, 2016).
Saathoff, F., Cantré, S., and Sikora, Z. (2015b). “South Baltic guideline for the application of dredged materials, coal combustion products and geosynthetics in dike construction—Annex II scientific background.” ⟨http://www.dredgdikes.eu/wp-content/uploads/DredgDikes_Guideline_Annex_II_online.pdf⟩ (Aug. 22, 2016).
Schüttrumpf, H., and Oumeraci, H. (2001). “Belastung der Binnenböschung von Seedeichen durch Wellenüberlauf [Loading of land side embankments of sea dikes by wave overtopping].” KFKI Project Rep., KFKI, Hamburg, Germany.
Smith, G. M., Seijffert, J. W. W., and Van der Meer, J. W. (1995). “Erosion and overtopping of grass dike large scale model tests.” Coastal Eng. Proc., 3(24), 2639–2652.
Stroosnijder, L. (2005). “Measurement of erosion. Is it possible?” Catena, 64(2–3), 162–173.
TAW (Technical Advisory Committee for Flood Defence in The Netherlands). (1997). “Erosion resistance of grassland as dike covering.” Technical Rep., Delft, Netherlands.
TAW (Technical Advisory Commitee for Flood Defence in The Netherlands). (1999). “Grass cover as a dike revetment.” Technical Rep., Delft, Netherlands.
Thornton, C., Scholl, B., Hughes, H., and Abt, S. (2012). “Full-scale testing of levee resiliency during wave overtopping.” Proc., Dams and Levee Conf., U.S. Society on Dams, Denver.
Van der Meer, J. W., Hardeman, B., Steendam, G. J., Schüttrumpf, H., and Verheij, H. (2010a). “Flow depths and velocities at crest and inner slope of a dike, in theory and with the wave overtopping simulator.” Proc., 30th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, Reston, VA, 15.
Van der Meer, J. W., Schrijver, R., Hardemann, B., van Hoven, A., Verheij, H., and Seendam, G. J. (2010b). “Guidance on erosion resistance of inner slopes of dikes from three years of testing with the wave overtopping simulator.” Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters—Adapting to change, Vol. 2, W. Allsop, ed., ICE, London, 460–473.
Van Renterghem, B., Van Nederkassel, J., and Joos, P. (2013). “The use of engineered sediments for the construction of a compartment dyke in the controlled flooding area Vlassenbroek.” Proc., World Dredging Congress WODCON XX, Central Dredging Association, Delft, Netherlands, 11.
Vavrina, L. (2012). Bewertung der schutzfunktion bewachsener deichbinnenböschungen gegen erosion [Evaluation of the protective function of vegetated inner dike embankments against erosion], VGE, Essen, Germany (in German).
Weißmann, R. (1999). “Ermittlung der Bodenerosion mittels Laserscanning [Determination of soil erosion with laser scanning].” ⟨http://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md/content/geotechnik/forschung/deichsicherheit/bodenerosion.pdf⟩ (Sep. 13, 2015) (in German).
Weißmann, R., and Richwien, W. (2003). “Ein Bewertungsverfahren für Klei im Deichbau [An assessment procedure for marsh clay in dike construction].” Hansa, 140(7), 71–75 (in German).
Westrich, B., Siebel, R., Vermeer, P. A., and Zweschper B. (2003). “Neue naturnahe Bauweise für überströmbare dämme an dezentralen hochwasserrückhaltebecken und erprobung von erkundungsmethoden zur beurteilung der sicherheit von absperrdämmen [New nature-oriented constructions overflowing dams at decentralized flood retention basins…].” Final Rep. BWPLUS Research Project BWC 20004, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Univ. of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (in German).
Zanke, U. (1982). Grundlagen der sedimentbewegung, Springer, Berlin.
Zanke, U., Kubetzek, T., and Saenger, N. (2009). “RIMAX—Sicherer deich [RIMAX—Safe dike].” Final Project Rep., RIMAX, Potsdam, Germany.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 3 • May 2017
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 20, 2015
Accepted: Aug 23, 2016
Published online: Jan 13, 2017
Published in print: May 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jun 13, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.