Evaluating Manual Sampling Locations for Regulatory and Emergency Response
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147, Issue 12
Abstract
Drinking water systems commonly use manual or grab sampling to monitor water quality, identify or confirm issues, and verify that corrective or emergency response actions have been effective. In this paper, the effectiveness of regulatory sampling locations for emergency response is explored. An optimization formulation based on the literature was used to identify manual sampling locations to maximize overall nodal coverage of the system. Results showed that sampling locations could be effective in confirming incidents for which they were not designed. When evaluating sampling locations optimized for emergency response against regulatory scenarios, the average performance was reduced by 3%–4%, while using optimized regulatory sampling locations for emergency response reduced performance by 7%–10%. Secondary constraints were also included in the formulation to ensure geographical and water age diversity with minimal impact on the performance. This work highlighted that regulatory sampling locations provide value in responding to an emergency for these networks.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available in a repository or online in accordance with funder data retention policies (https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/epa-sciencehub). Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request (specific system models and scripts used to run simulations and analysis).
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
The USEPA, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and managed the research described herein under Interagency Agreements (IA #DW8992403601 and IA #DW08992513801) with the Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories. This document has been reviewed in accordance with USEPA policy and approved for publication. Any mention of trade names, manufacturers, or products does not imply an endorsement by the United States Government or the USEPA. EPA and its employees do not endorse any commercial products, services, or enterprises.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the USDOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the USDOE or the United States Government.
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Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147 • Issue 12 • December 2021
Copyright
© 2021 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 29, 2021
Accepted: Jul 27, 2021
Published online: Sep 24, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 24, 2022
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