Water Quality Audit in Drinking Water Distribution Networks
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147, Issue 3
Abstract
Water and energy audits in water distribution networks have been developed to assess water losses and energy losses, respectively. However, no study has considered a water quality audit. This study proposes a concept of free residual chlorine (FRC) mass audit to quantify FRC losses as a tool for water quality management. The components defined in the FRC mass balance are analogous to the components in the International Water Association water balance. The FRC mass balance metric can show (1) the loss of FRC mass through water losses, (2) the decay of FRC by chemical reactions, and (3) the amount of FRC that reaches customers. Applying this concept to a real network, it is found that the percentage of FRC mass losses is higher than the percentage of water losses due to decay by reactions. Three performance indicators are proposed to assess the FRC losses, safety, and reliability of water distribution systems in terms of water quality.
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Data Availability Statement
All data sets used during the study were provided by MWA. Direct requests for these materials may be made to the provider, as indicated in the acknowledgments. The Excel file containing detailed calculations for the discussed chlorine mass audit is provided as the Supplemental Materials.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the MWA Waterworks Institute of Thailand (MWAIT). Kaewsang was supported by the Ph.D. scholarship by the Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University (61/01/WE/D.ENG).
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Information & Authors
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Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147 • Issue 3 • March 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 31, 2019
Accepted: Sep 18, 2020
Published online: Dec 24, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 24, 2021
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