Design of Integrated Water Systems: Water Distribution System, Household Water-Saving Scheme, and Sanitary Sewer Perspectives
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147, Issue 2
Abstract
An integrated design method that complements the increasing uptake of water-saving schemes (WSSs) is presented. WSSs may consist of water-saving fittings, appliances, rainwater-harvesting systems (RWHSs), and water-reuse schemes that provide the link between water distribution systems (WDSs) and sanitary sewers (SSs). The method developed here considers the interaction between WDSs, WSSs, and SSs to provide unified solutions. In this paper, a multiobjective optimization problem is formulated and solved considering three objectives, which are (1) minimization of the total cost incurred by implementing water system interventions, i.e., excluding the associated cost savings; (2) maximization of cost savings, which are benefits conferred by interventions; and (3) minimization of system water demand. The decision variables include conventional water network design interventions (i.e., addition of pipes) and the water-saving equipment at a household level. The main constraints include both WDS and SS hydraulic performances. The optimal trade-off solutions are obtained using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm optimization processes. This method was demonstrated in the realistic subsystem of the Tsholofelo Extension water and SS networks in Gaborone, Botswana. The results show that integrating and optimizing WDS, WSS, and SS designs would improve water security and lead to more sustainable water systems.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code used during the study were provided by a third party (i.e., network data used to build WDS and SS models). Direct requests for these materials may be made to the provider, as indicated in the acknowledgments.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the Water Utilities Corporation of Botswana for availing Tsholofelo of water distribution and SS data that supported this study. This research received no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.
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Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 147 • Issue 2 • February 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 20, 2019
Accepted: Jul 29, 2020
Published online: Nov 27, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 27, 2021
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