Anisotropic Viscoelastic Properties of Undamaged Asphalt Mixtures
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 1
Abstract
A test protocol and a data analysis method are developed in this paper on the basis of linear viscoelastic theory to characterize the anisotropic viscoelastic properties of undamaged asphalt mixtures. The test protocol includes three nondestructive tests: (1) uniaxial compressive creep test, (2) indirect tensile creep test, and (3) the uniaxial tensile creep test. All three tests are conducted on asphalt mixture specimens at three temperatures (10, 20, and 30°C) to determine the tensile and compressive properties at each temperature and then to construct the master curve of each property. The determined properties include magnitude and phase angle of the compressive complex modulus in the vertical direction, magnitude and phase angle of the tensile complex modulus, and the magnitude and phase angle of the compressive complex modulus in the horizontal plane. The test results indicate that all tested asphalt mixtures have significantly different tensile properties from compressive properties. The peak value of the master curve of the tensile complex modulus phase angle is within a range from 65 to 85°, whereas the peak value of the compressive moduli phase angle in both directions ranges from 35 to 55°. In addition, the undamaged asphalt mixtures exhibit distinctively anisotropic properties in compression. The magnitude of the compressive modulus in the vertical direction is approximately 1.2 to of the magnitude of the compressive modulus in the horizontal plane. Dynamic modulus tests are performed to verify the results of the proposed test protocol. The test results from the proposed test protocol match well with those from the dynamic tests.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bahia, H. U., Hason, D. I., Zeng, M., Zhai, H., HKhatri, M. A., and Anderson, R. M. (2001). “Characterization of modified asphalt binders in superpave mix design.” Rep. No. 459, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Biligiri, K. P., Kaloush, K., and Uzan, J. (2010). “Evaluation of asphalt mixtures’ viscoelastic properties using phase angle relationships.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 11(2), 143–152.
Christensen, R. M. (2003). Theory of viscoelasticity, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY.
Christensen, R. M. (2005). Mechanics of composite materials, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY.
Di Benedetto, H., Delaporte, B., and Sauzeat, C. (2007). “Three-dimensional linear behavior of bituminous materials: Experiments and modeling.” Int. J. Geomech., 7(2), 149–157.
Ding, H., Chen, W., and Zhang, L. (2006). Elasticity of transversely isotropic materials, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Findley, W. N., Lai, J. S., and Onaran, K. (1989). Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials with an introduction to linear viscoelasticity, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY.
Jones, R. D. (1993). “SHRP materials reference library: Asphalt cements: A concise data compilation.” Strategic Highway Research Program, Rep. No. SHRP-A-645, National Research Council, Washington, DC. 〈http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-A-645.pdf〉.
Kim, Y. R., Seo, Y., King, M., and Momen, M. (2004). “Dynamic modulus testing of asphalt concrete in indirect tension mode.” Transportation Research Record 1891, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 163–173.
Lakes, R., and Wineman, A. (2006). “On Poisson’s ratio in linearly viscoelastic solids.” J. Elast., 85(1), 45–63.
Levenberg, E., and Shah, A. (2008). “Interpretation of complex modulus test results for asphalt-aggregate mixes.” J. Test. Eval., 36(4), 326–334.
Levenberg, E., and Uzan, J. (2004). “Triaxial small-strain viscoelastic-viscoplastic modeling of asphalt aggregate mixes.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater., 8(4), 365–384.
Luo, R., and Lytton, R. L. (2010). “Characterization of the tensile viscoelastic properties of an undamaged asphalt mixture.” J. Transp. Eng., 136(3), 173–180.
Mamlouk, M. S., Witczak, M. W., Kaloush, K. E., and Ho, Y. S. (2002). “Effect of anisotropy on compressive and tensile properties of asphalt mixtures.” J. Test. Eval., 30(5), 432–438.
Marasteanu, M. O., and Anderson, D. A. (1999). “Improved model for bitumen rheological characterization.” Eurobitume Workshop on Performance Related Properties for Bituminous Binders, European Bitumen Association, Brussels, Belgium.
Masad, E., Tashman, L., Little, D., and Zbib, H. (2005). “Viscoplastic modeling of asphalt mixes with the effects of anisotropy, damage and aggregate characteristics.” Mech. Mater., 37(12), 1242–1256.
Masad, E., Tashman, L., Somedavan, N., and Little, D. (2002). “Micromechanics-based analysis of stiffness anisotropy in asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14(5), 374–383.
Mirza, M., Graul, R., Groeger, J., and Lopez, A. (1997). “Theoretical evaluation of poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus using indirect tensile test with emphasis on bituminous mixtures.” Transportation Research Record 1590, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 34–44.
Motola, Y., and Uzan, J. (2007). “Anisotropy of field-compacted asphalt concrete material.” J. Test. Eval., 35(1), 103–105.
Oh, J., Lytton, R. L., and Fernando, E. G. (2006). “Modeling of pavement response using nonlinear cross-anisotropy approach.” J. Transp. Eng., 132(6), 458–468.
Park, S. W., and Schapery, R. A. (1999). “Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part I—A numerical method based on prony series.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 36(11), 1653–1675.
Pickering, D. J. (1970). “Anisotropic elastic parameters for soil.” Geotechnique, 20(3), 271–276.
Schapery, R. A. (1965). “A method of viscoelastic stress analysis using elastic solutions.” J. Franklin Inst., 279(4), 268–289.
Schapery, R. A., and Park, S. W. (1999). “Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part II—An approximate analytical method.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 36(11), 1677–1699.
Texas Department of Transportation. (2004). “Standard specifications for construction and maintenance of highways, streets, and bridges.” Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX. 〈ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/des/specs/specbook.pdf〉.
Texas Department of Transportation. (2008). “Test procedure for design of bituminous mixtures.” Rep. No. Tex-204-F, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX. 〈ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/cst/TMS/200-F_series/pdfs/bit204.pdf〉.
Tschoegl, N. W., Knauss, W. G., and Emri, I. (2002). “Poisson’s ratio in linear viscoelasticity—A critical review.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater., 6(1), 3–51.
Underwood, S., Heidari, A., Guddati, M., and Kim, Y. (2005). “Experimental investigation of anisotropy in asphalt concrete.” Transportation Research Record 1929, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 238–247.
Wagoner, M., and Braham, A. (2008). “Anisotropic behavior of hot-mix asphalt at low temperatures.” Transportation Research Record 2057, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 83–88.
Wang, L., Hoyos, L. R., Wang, J., Voyiadjis, G., and Abadie, C. (2005). “Anisotropic properties of asphalt concrete: Characterization and implications for pavement design and analysis.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 17(5), 535–543.
Witczak, M. W., Bonaquist, R., Von Quintus, H., Kaloush, K., and Aapt, A. A. (2000). “Specimen geometry and aggregate size effects in uniaxial compression and constant height shear tests.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 69, 733–793.
Ye, J., Wu, F. Q., and Sun, J. Z. (2009). “Estimation of the tensile elastic modulus using Brazilian disc by applying diametrically opposed concentrated loads.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(3), 568–576.
Zhang, W., Drescher, A., and Newcomb, D. E. (1997). “Viscoelastic analysis of diametral compression of asphalt concrete.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(6), 596–603.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 1 • January 2012
Pages: 75 - 89
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 14, 2009
Accepted: May 27, 2011
Published online: May 30, 2011
Published in print: Jan 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.