Study of Reliable Rapid and Ultrarapid Static GNSS Surveying for Determination of the Coordinates of Control Points in Obstructed Conditions
Publication: Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper presents a method for the surveying and reliable processing of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations in rapid and ultrarapid static surveying for determination of control-point coordinates. The presented technique allows for reliable determination of coordinates, even in the case of highly difficult observation conditions (e.g., for control points situated along forest edges or entirely in the forest, near buildings, or in the vicinity of power-transmission lines). The paper also analyzes different projects of the global positioning system (GPS/GLONASS) networks from the perspective of their credibility and reliability. The control-point coordinates are determined by three GNSS receivers positioned in line on a special base, providing a credible control of GNSS baselines during rapid and ultrarapid static surveys. The GNSS receivers are separated by the distance of 0.5 m. Given the gross errors in baseline coordinates determined that happen in practice, simultaneous use of three receivers for position determination of a control point allows reliable determination of the coordinates even under significantly obstructed access to satellites. The practical surveys were conducted using Topcon and Trimble receivers using real and virtual reference stations. The presented survey and GNSS data-processing methodology allow obtaining centimeter-level accuracy in a few minutes of GPS/GLONASS observations for control points located in obstructed conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bakuła, M. (2012). “An approach to reliable rapid static GNSS surveying.” Surv. Rev., 44(327), 265–271.
Bakuła, M., Kazmierczak, R., and Grunwald, G. (2011). “Analysis of the possibilities for applying the ASG-EUPOS system services for establishing the detailed control networks.” Tech. Sci., 14(2), 217–228.
Bakuła, M., Oszczak, S., and Pelc-Mieczkowska, R. (2009). “Performance of RTK positioning in forest conditions: Case study.” J. Surv. Eng., 135(3), 125–130.
Bakuła, M., Pelc-Mieczkowska, R., and Walawski, M. (2012). “Reliable and redundant RTK positioning for applications in hard observational conditions.” Artif. Satell., 47(1), 23–33.
Bosy, J., Oruba, A., Graszka, W., Leonczyk, M., and Ryczywolski, M. (2008). “ASG-EUPOS densification of EUREF permanent network on the territory of Poland.” Rep. Geod., 2(85), 105–112.
Cellmer, S., Wielgosz, P., and Rzepecka, Z. (2010). “Modified ambiguity function approach for GPS carrier phase positioning.” J. Geod., 84(4), 267–275.
El-Mowafy, A. (2000). “Performance analysis of the RTK technique in an urban environment.” Aust. Surv., 45(1), 47–54.
Euler, H. J., Keenan, C. R., Zebhauser, B. E., and Wubbena, G. (2001). “Study of simplified approach in utilizing information from permanent reference station arrays.” Proc., 14th Int. Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 379–391.
Giorgi, G., Teunissen, P. J. G., Verhagen, S., and Buist, P. J. (2012). “Instantaneous ambiguity resolution in global-navigation-satellite-system-based attitude determination applications: A multivariate constrained approach.” J. Guid. Control Dyn., 35(1), 51–67.
Grejner-Brzezinska, D. A., Arlsan, N., Wielgosz, P., and Hong, C. K. (2009). “Network calibration for unfavorable reference-rover geometry in network-based RTK: Ohio CORS case study.” J. Surv. Eng., 135(3), 90–100.
Hasegawa, H., and Yoshimura, T. (2003). “Application of dual-frequency GPS receiver for static surveying under tree canopy.” J. For. Res., 8(2), 103–110.
Kuylen, L. V., Nemry, P., Boon, F., Simsky, A., and Lorga, J. F. M. (2006). “Comparison of attitude performance for multi-antenna receivers.” Eur. J. Navig., 4(2), 1–9.
Lachapelle, G., Alves, P., Fortes, L. P., Cannon, M. E., and Townsend, B. (2000). “DGPS RTK positioning using a reference network.” Proc., 13th Int. Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 1165–1171.
Landau, H., Vollath, U., and Chen, X. (2002). “Virtual reference station systems.” J. Global Positioning Sys., 1(2), 137–143.
Lee, I., and Ge, L. (2006). “The performance of RTK-GPS for surveying under challenging environmental conditions.” Earth, Planets Space, 58(5), 515–522.
Pirti, A., Gumuş, K., Erkaya, H., and Gursel Hoşbaş, R. (2010). “Evaluating repeatability of RTK GPS/GLONASS near/under forest environment.” Croat. J. For. Eng., 31(1), 23–33.
Raquet, J. (1997). “A new approach to GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution using a reference receiver network.” Proc., 1997 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 357–366.
Schwarz, C. (2008). “Heuristic weighting and data conditioning in the National Geodetic Survey Rapid Static GPS software.” J. Surv. Eng., 134(3), 76–82.
Seemkooei, A. A. (2001). “Comparison of reliability and geometrical strength criteria in geodetic networks.” J. Geod., 75(4), 227–233.
Teunissen, P. J. G. (2012). “The affine constrained GNSS attitude model and its multivariate integer least-squares solution.” J. Geod., 86(7), 547–563.
Teunissen, P. J. G., Giorgi, G., and Buist, P. J. (2011). “Testing of a new single-frequency GNSS carrier phase attitude determination method: Land, ship and aircraft experiments.” GPS Solut., 15(1), 15–28.
Topcon. (2007). Topcon tools post-processing software, reference manual, Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Livermore, CA.
Topcon Tools 6.11 [Computer software]. Livermore, CA, Topcon.
Uradzinski, M., Kim, D., and Langley, R. B. (2008). “The usefulness of Internet-based (NTrip) RTK for navigation and intelligent transportation systems.” Proc., 21th Int. Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 1437–1445.
Vanicek, P., Craymer, M. R., and Krakiwsky, E. J. (2001). “Robustness analysis of geodetic horizontal networks.” J. Geod., 75(4), 199–209.
Verhagen, S. (2004). “Integer ambiguity validation: An open problem?” GPS Solut., 8(1), 36–43.
Wang, B., Miao, L., Wang, S., and Shen, J. (2009). “A constrained LAMBDA method for GPS attitude determination.” GPS Solut., 13(2), 97–107.
Wanninger, L. (1995). “Improved ambiguity resolution by regional differential modeling of the ionosphere.” Proc., 8th Int. Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 55–62.
Wielgosz, P. (2010). “Quality assessment of GPS rapid static positioning with weighted ionospheric parameters in generalized least squares.” GPS Solut., 15(2), 89–99.
Wübbena, G., Bagge, A., Seeber, G., Böder, V., and Hankemeier, P. (1996). “Reducing distance dependent errors for real-time precise DGPS applications by establishing reference station networks.” Proc., 9th Int. Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, Manassas, VA, 1845–1852.
Xu, G. (2002). “A general criterion of integer ambiguity search.” J. Global Positioning Sys., 1(2), 122–131.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 4 • November 2013
Pages: 188 - 193
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 8, 2012
Accepted: Apr 1, 2013
Published online: Apr 3, 2013
Published in print: Nov 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.