Local Accuracies
Publication: Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 2
Abstract
The objective of this case study is to evaluate the different approximations in the technical literature that are used to compute the variance-covariance matrix of local accuracies. This analysis compares the rigor and validity of the four most common mathematical formulations that are used for computing the variance-covariance matrix of local accuracies, as determined from the original global Cartesian variance-covariance matrix of any given three-dimensional network. These empirical results, which are strictly established on the accepted definition of local accuracies (also referred to as relative accuracies), are an attempt to clarify the adopted standards for computing the variance-covariance matrices of local accuracies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the comments provided by three reviewers whose assistance improved the original version of the manuscript. Their help is sincerely acknowledged.
References
Burkholder, E. F. (1999). “Spatial data accuracy as defined by the GSDM.” Surv. Land Inf. Syst.SLISEZ, 59(1), 26–30.
Burkholder, E. F. (2008). The 3-D spatial data model, Foundation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure, Construction Research Council, Boca Raton, FL.
Craig, B. A., and Wahl, J. L. (2003) “Cadastral survey accuracy standards.” Surv. Land Inf. Sci., 63(2), 87–106.
Federal Geographic Data Committee. (1998). “Geospatial positioning accuracy standards. Part 3: National standard for spatial data accuracy.” FGDC-STD-007.3-1998, Federal Geographic Data Committee, Washington, DC.
Geomatics Canada. (1996). Accuracy Standards for Positioning, Version 1.0, Geodetic Survey Division Ottawa, ON, Canada. 〈http://www.pgs.hcmut.edu.vn/docs/quyche/sotay/standard.pdf〉 (June 2011).
Leenhouts, P. P. (1985). “On the computation of bi-normal radial error.” NavigationKOKIBD, 32(1), 16–28.
Leick, A. (2004). GPS satellite surveying, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Mikhail, E. M., and Ackermann, F. (1976). Observations and least squares, Harper & Row, New York.
Mikhail, E. M., and Gracie, G. (1981). Analysis and adjustments for survey measurements, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
Rice, J. A. (1995). Mathematical statistics and data analysis, 2nd Ed., Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.
Snay, R. A., and Soler, T. (2008). “Continuously operating reference station (CORS): History, applications, and future enhancements.” J. Surv. Eng.JSUED2, 134(4), 95–104.
Soler, T., and Johnson, S. D. (1987). “Alternative geometric determination of altazimuthal-distance covariance matrices.” J. Surv. Eng.JSUED2, 113(2), 57–69.
Soler, T., and Smith, D. (2010). “Rigorous estimation of local accuracies.” J. Surv. Eng.JSUED2, 136(3), 120–125.
Soler, T., and Smith, D. (2012). “Closure to ‘Rigorous estimation of local accuracies’ by Tomás Soler and Dru Smith.” J. Surv. Eng.JSUED2, 138(1), 48–50.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 2 • May 2012
Pages: 77 - 84
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 15, 2010
Accepted: Oct 7, 2011
Published online: Oct 10, 2011
Published in print: May 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.