Steel-Plate Composite Walls Subjected to Missile Impact: Numerical Evaluation of Local Damage
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 10
Abstract
This paper presents the results from numerical investigations conducted to evaluate the local damage and perforation of steel-plate composite (SC) walls subjected to missile impact. Numerical models of laboratory-scale SC wall specimens, tested previously, were developed and analyzed in LS-DYNA software. The steel faceplates and the projectile were modeled using solid elements with piecewise linear plasticity material model. The concrete core was modeled using solid elements with the Winfrith concrete model. Tie bars and shear stud anchors were modeled using beam elements with the piecewise linear plasticity material model. Zero-length discrete beam elements were used to represent the force-slip behavior of the shear stud anchors. Contact and constraint commands were used to model the physical interaction between the various components of the wall model. The numerical models were benchmarked by comparing numerical analysis results with experimental results including projectile penetration depth, rear (nonimpact) steel faceplate deformation pattern and bulging depth, and concrete conical frustum formation. The benchmarked models were used to conduct numerical parametric studies to enhance the experimental database, establish perforation velocity ranges, and evaluate the influence of various SC wall design parameters on local damage. The collected experimental and numerical results indicate that the steel faceplate reinforcement ratio and material strength are significant design parameters influencing local damage from projectile impact.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research presented in this paper was funded partially by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) (Grant No. NRC-HQ-60-14-G-0001) and partially by Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP). The research, findings, and conclusions presented in this paper belong to the authors. The authors acknowledge the guidance and encouragement provided by Dr. Jakob Bruhl, US Military Academy, Westpoint to complete the research presented in this paper.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Code requirements for nuclear safety-related concrete structures and commentary. ACI 349-06. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC. 2016. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
Broadhouse, B. J. 1995. SPD/D(95)363. AEA technology. Winfrith concrete model in LS-DYNA3D. Technical Rep. Carlsbad, CA: AEA Technology.
Broadhouse, B. J., and G. J. Attwood. 1993. “Finite element analysis of the impact response of reinforced concrete structures using DYNA3D.” In Proc., Transactions of the 12th Int. Conf. of Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT-12). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State Univ.
Broadhouse, B. J., and A. J. Neilson. 1987. “Modelling reinforced concrete structures in DYNA3D.” In Proc., DYNA3D User Group Conf. London: UKAEA Atomic Energy Establishment.
Bruhl, J. C. 2015. “Behavior and design of steel-plate composite (SC) walls for blast loads.” Ph.D. dissertation, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Bruhl, J. C., A. H. Varma, and W. H. Johnson. 2015. “Design of composite SC walls to prevent perforation from missile impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 75 (Jan): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.015.
ERIN Engineering & Research Inc. 2011. Methodology for performing aircraft impact assessments for new plant designs (NEI 07-13 Revision 8P). Walnut Creek, CA: ERIN Engineering & Research Inc.
Hallquist, J. 2006. LS-DYNA theory manual. Livermore, CA: Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
Huber, D., and A. Varma. 2021. “Core value.” In Modern steel construction, 30–37. Chicago: AISC.
Kim, J. M. 2018. “Behavior, analysis and design of steel-plate composite (SC) walls for impactive loading.” Ph.D. dissertation, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.
Kim, J. M., J. Bruhl, J. Seo, and A. Varma. 2017a. “An overview of missile impact tests on steel-plate composite walls.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2017: Blast, Impact Loading, and Response of Structures, 245–255. Reston, VA: ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480397.021.
Kim, J. M., A. Varma, J. Seo, J. Bruhl, K. Lee, and K. Kim. 2017b. “Resistance of SC walls subjected to missile impact: Part 3—Small-scale tests.” In Proc., Transactions of the 24th Int. Conf. of Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT-24). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State Univ.
Kim, J. M., A. Varma, J. Seo, J. Bruhl, K. Lee, and K. Kim. 2021. “Steel-plate composite walls subjected to missile impact: Experimental evaluation of local damage.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (2): 04020312. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002806.
Lee, H. K., and S. E. Kim. 2015. “Structural behavior of SC panel subjected to impact loading using finite element analysis.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 295 (Dec): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.09.028.
Mizuno, J., H. Morikawa, N. Koshika, K. Wakimoto, K. Kobayashi, and R. Fukuda. 2005a. “Investigation on impact resistance of steel plate reinforced concrete barriers against aircraft impact part 2: Simulation analyses of scale model impact tests.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Structure Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 18), 2580–2590. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State Univ.
Mizuno, J., Y. Sawamoto, T. Yamashita, N. Koshika, N. Niwa, and A. Suzuki. 2005b. “Investigation on impact resistance of steel plate reinforced concrete barriers against aircraft impact part 1: Test program and results.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Structure Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 18), 2566–2579. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State Univ.
Ollgaard, J. G., R. G. Slutter, and J. W. Fisher. 1971. “Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal-weight concrete.” AISC Eng. J. 55–64.
Sadiq, M., Z. Xiu Yun, and P. Rong. 2014. “Simulation analysis of impact tests of steel plate reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete slabs against aircraft impact and its validation with experimental results.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 273 (Jul): 653–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.03.031.
Sawamoto, Y., H. Tsubota, Y. Kasai, N. Koshika, and H. Morikawa. 1998. “Analytical studies on local damage to reinforced concrete structures under impact loading by discrete element method.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 179 (2): 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-5493(97)00268-9.
Schwer, L. 2011. “The Winfrith concrete model: Beauty or beast? Insights into the Winfrith concrete model.” In Proc., 8th European LS-DYNA Users Conf. Strasbourg, France: Livermore Technology Software Corporation.
Shafaei, S., D. Huber, and A. H. Varma. 2021. “Against the wind.” In Modern steel construction. Chicago: AISC.
Shim, C. S., P. G. Lee, and T. Y. Yoon. 2004. “Static behavior of large stud shear connectors.” Eng. Struct. 26 (12): 1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.07.011.
Telford, T. 1993. CEB-FIP model code 1990. London: Thomas Telford.
Tsubota, H., Y. Kasai, N. Koshika, H. Morikawa, T. Uchida, and T. Ohno. 1993. “Quantitative studies on impact resistance of reinforced concrete panels with steel liners under impact loading part 1: Scaled model impact tests.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Structure Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 12), 169–174. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State Univ.
URS Energy and Construction Inc. 2011. MUAP-11019 containment internal structure: Design criteria for SC walls for US-APWR standard plant. Princeton, NJ: URS Energy and Construction.
US Dept. of Defense. 2008. Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions (UFC 3-340-02). Washington, DC: US Dept. of Defense.
USNRC (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2011. RG1.217: Guidance for the assessment of beyond-design-basis aircraft impacts. Washington DC: USNRC.
Varma, A. H. 2000. “Seismic behavior, analysis, and design of high strength square concrete filled steel tube (CFT) Columns.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Lehigh Univ.
Wittmann, F. H. 2002. “Crack formation and fracture energy of normal and high strength concrete.” Sadhana 27 (Aug): 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706991.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 10 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 15, 2021
Accepted: Apr 6, 2022
Published online: Jul 22, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.