Abstract

The flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) 7075 aluminum alloy (AA) bars was investigated through experimental testing. In particular, 10 RC beams strengthened with NSM AA bars and one control beam were tested under four-point bending loading. The experimental variables included NSM reinforcement ratio, bonded length of NSM reinforcement, end anchoring of NSM reinforcement, and type of bonding agent. The test results were evaluated in terms of the load-deflection curves, failure modes, ductility, and strains in NSM reinforcements, and the effects of different test parameters on the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening approach were discussed. In addition, analytical models were developed to predict the load-bearing capacities of strengthened beams failed by intermediate crack debonding and concrete cover separation, respectively. The RC beams strengthened with NSM AA bars exhibited a significant improvement in maximum load ranging from 35% to 120% over the reference specimen.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data include the computational and experimental results and the experiment raw data.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51868073), Special Funds for Technology Innovation Guidance of Shaanxi (No. 2019CGHJ-06), and Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges (No. 300102288302).

References

ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2017. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Akter Hosen, M., M. Z. Jumaat, A. Saiful Islam, M. Obaydullah, M. Darain, and N. Huda. 2016. “Investigation on energy absorption capacity of reinforced concrete beams by the near-surface mounted technique using ductile materials.” Sci. Adv. Mater. 8 (8): 1536–1546. https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2016.2757.
Al-Mahmoud, F., A. Castel, R. Francois, and C. Tourneur. 2009. “Strengthening of RC members with near-surface mounted CFRP rods.” Compos. Struct. 91 (2): 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.04.040.
Al-Mahmoud, F., A. Castel, R. François, and C. Tourneur. 2010. “RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods and modeling of peeling-off failure.” Compos. Struct. 92 (8): 1920–1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.01.002.
Almusallam, T. H., H. M. Elsanadedy, Y. A. Al-Salloum, and S. H. Alsayed. 2013. “Experimental and numerical investigation for the flexural strengthening of RC beams using near-surface mounted steel or GFRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (Mar): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.107.
Badawi, M., and K. Soudki. 2009. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with prestressed NSM CFRP rods–Experimental and analytical investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3292–3300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.005.
Baghi, H., and J. A. Barros. 2017. “Design approach to determine shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams shear strengthened with NSM systems.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (8): 04017061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001793.
Bakis, C. E., L. C. Bank, V. Brown, E. Cosenza, J. Davalos, J. Lesko, A. Machida, S. Rizkalla, and T. Triantafillou. 2002. “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review.” J. Compos. Constr. 6 (2): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73).
Barros, J. A., and A. Fortes. 2005. “Flexural strengthening of concrete beams with CFRP laminates bonded into slits.” Cem. Concr. Comp. 27 (4): 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.07.004.
Bianco, V., J. A. Barros, and G. Monti. 2009. “Bond model of NSM-FRP strips in the context of the shear strengthening of RC beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (6): 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:6(619).
Bonacci, J. F., and M. Maalej. 2001. “Behavioral trends of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (2): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:2(102).
Bonaldo, E., J. A. Barros, and P. B. Lourenço. 2008. “Efficient strengthening technique to increase the flexural resistance of existing RC slabs.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (2): 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(149).
Çam, G., and G. İpekoğlu. 2017. “Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys.” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech. 91 (5–8): 1851–1866.
Capozucca, R. 2009. “Static and dynamic response of damaged RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods.” Compos. Struct. 91 (3): 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.05.003.
Choi, H. T., J. S. West, and K. A. Soudki. 2008. “Analysis of the flexural behavior of partially bonded FRP strengthened concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (4): 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:4(375).
Coelho, M. R., J. M. Sena-Cruz, and L. A. Neves. 2015. “A review on the bond behavior of FRP NSM systems in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 93 (Sep): 1157–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.010.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2012. Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers. Rexdale, ON: CSA.
De Lorenzis, L., and A. Nanni. 2003. “Proposed design procedure of NSM FRP reinforcement for strengthening of RC beams.” In Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures. Singapore: World Scientific.
De Lorenzis, L., and J. G. Teng. 2007. “Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement: An emerging technique for strengthening structures.” Composites, Part B 38 (2): 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.08.003.
Deng, M., X. Fan, X. Gao, and X. Liang. 2015. “Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of damaged brick masonry wall strengthened with ECC splint.” [In Chinese.] Eng. Mech. 32 (4): 120–129.
El-Hacha, R., and S. H. Rizkalla. 2004. “Near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements for flexural strengthening of concrete structures.” ACI Struct. J. 101 (5): 717–726.
Hosen, M., M. Jumaat, B. Alsubari, N. R. Sulong, Z. Ibrahim, U. J. Alengaram, and H. Hashim. 2020. “Effect of bonding materials on the flexural improvement in RC beams strengthened with SNSM technique using GFRP bars.” J. Build. Eng. 32 (Nov): 1–13.
Khalifa, A., W. J. Gold, A. Nanni, and A. A. Mi. 1998. “Contribution of externally bonded FRP to shear capacity of RC flexural members.” J. Compos. Constr. 2 (4): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:4(195).
Lee, D., L. Cheng, and Y. G. Hui. 2013. “Bond characteristics of various NSM FRP reinforcements in concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (1): 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000318.
Liu, M., L. Zhang, P. Wang, and Y. Chang. 2015. “Buckling behaviors of section aluminum alloy columns under axial compression.” Eng. Struct. 95 (Jul): 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.03.064.
Lorenzis, L. D., and A. Nanni. 2001. “Characterization of FRP rods as near-surface mounted reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (2): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:2(114).
Lorenzis, L. D., and A. Nanni. 2002. “Bond between near-surface mounted fiber-reinforced polymer rods and concrete in structural strengthening.” ACI Struct. J. 99 (2): 123–132.
Mazzolani, F. M. 2006. “Structural applications of aluminum in civil engineering.” Struct. Eng. Int. 16 (4): 280–285. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686606778995128.
Ministry of House and Urban-Rural Development of People’s Republic of China. 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. GB 50010-2010. Beijing: Ministry of House and Urban-Rural Development of People’s Republic of China.
Mobin, M. N., and M. F. Haque. 2018. “Re-strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beam using near surface mounted (NSM) steel re-bars.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development. Khulna, Bangladesh: KUET.
Mofidi, A., and O. Chaallal. 2014. “Tests and design provisions for reinforced-concrete beams strengthened in shear using FRP sheets and strips.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 8 (2): 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-013-0060-1.
Mohamed, A. M. S., D. Oehlers, M. Griffith, and R. Seracino. 2008. “Interfacial stress transfer of near surface-mounted FRP-to-concrete joints.” Eng. Struct. 30 (7): 1861–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.12.006.
Mukhopadhyaya, P., and N. Swamy. 2001. “Interface shear stress: A new design criterion for plate debonding.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (1): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(35).
Naser, M. Z., R. A. Hawileh, and J. A. Abdalla. 2019. “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites in strengthening reinforced concrete structures: A critical review.” Eng. Struct. 198 (Nov): 1–20.
Nguyen, D. M., T. K. Chan, and H. K. Cheong. 2001. “Brittle failure and bond development length of CFRP-concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (1): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(12).
Parretti, R., and A. Nanni. 2004. “Strengthening of RC members using near-surface mounted FRP composites: Design overview.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 7 (6): 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369433042863198.
Peng, H., J. Zhang, C. Cai, and Y. Liu. 2014. “An experimental study on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted CFRP strips.” Eng. Struct. 79 (Nov): 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.007.
Qeshta, I. M., P. Shafigh, M. Z. Jumaat, A. I. Abdulla, Z. Ibrahim, and U. J. Alengaram. 2014. “The use of wire mesh-epoxy composite for enhancing the flexural performance of concrete beams.” Mater. Des. 60 (Aug): 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.075.
Reda, R. M., I. A. Sharaky, M. Ghanem, M. H. Seleem, and H. E. M. Sallam. 2016. “Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened by NSM GFRP bars having different end conditions.” Compos. Struct. 147 (Jul): 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.018.
Rizzo, A., and L. De Lorenzis. 2009. “Behavior and capacity of RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (4): 1555–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.08.014.
Sallam, E. D. M. 2010. “Flexural strengthening of steel bridges with high modulus CFRP strips.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (1): 117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.72.
Sallam, H., A. Badawy, A. Saba, and F. Mikhail. 2010. “Flexural behavior of strengthened steel–concrete composite beams by various plating methods.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (8–9): 1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.03.005.
Sharaky, I. A., M. Baena, C. Barris, H. E. M. Sallam, and L. Torres. 2018. “Effect of axial stiffness of NSM FRP reinforcement and concrete cover confinement on flexural behaviour of strengthened RC beams: Experimental and numerical study.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 987–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.062.
Sharaky, I. A., L. Torres, and H. E. M. Sallam. 2015. “Experimental and analytical investigation into the flexural performance of RC beams with partially and fully bonded NSM FRP bars/strips.” Compos. Struct. 122 (Apr): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.11.057.
Standardization Administration of China. 2010. Metallic materials-tensile testing–Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. GB/T 228.1-2010. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Teng, J. G., J. F. Chen, S. T. Simth, and L. Lam. 2002. FRP-strengthened RC structures Wiley.
Teng, J. G., S. T. Smith, J. Yao, and J. F. Chen. 2003. “Intermediate crack-induced debonding in RC beams and slabs.” Constr. Build. Mater. 17 (6–7): 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00043-6.
Teng, J. G., S. S. Zhang, and J. F. Chen. 2016. “Strength model for end cover separation failure in RC beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP strips.” Eng. Struct. 110 (Mar): 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.049.
Wang, Y., H. Yuan, T. Chang, X. Du, and M. Yu. 2017. “Compressive buckling strength of extruded aluminium alloy I-section columns with fixed-pinned end conditions.” Thin-Walled Struct. 119 (Oct): 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.06.034.
Xing, G., Z. Chang, and O. E. Ozbulut. 2018. “Behavior and failure modes of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with NSM GFRP or aluminum alloy bars.” Struct. Concr. 19 (4): 1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700099.
Xing, G., and O. E. Ozbulut. 2016. “Flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with aluminum alloy bars.” Eng. Struct. 126 (Nov): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.032.
Yu, X., G. Xing, and Z. Chang. 2020. “Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near-surface mounted 7075 aluminum alloy bars.” J. Build. Eng. 31: 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101393.
Yuan, H., J. G. Teng, R. Seracino, Z. S. Wu, and J. Yao. 2004. “Full-range behavior of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints.” Eng. Struct. 26 (5): 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.11.006.
Zhang, S., M. Raoof, and L. A. Wood. 1995. “Prediction of peeling failure of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded steel plates.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 110 (3): 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1995.27870.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148Issue 1January 2022

History

Received: Dec 29, 2020
Accepted: Aug 20, 2021
Published online: Oct 25, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 25, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Guo-Hua Xing, Ph.D. [email protected]
Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., 75 Chang’an Rd., Xi’an 710061, China. Email: [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., 75 Chang’an Rd., Xi’an 710061, China. Email: [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., 75 Chang’an Rd., Xi’an 710061, China. Email: [email protected]
Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0596-0292. Email: [email protected]
Osman E. Ozbulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-1000. Email: [email protected]
Zhao-Qun Chang, Ph.D. [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an Univ., 75 Chang’an Rd., Xi’an 710061, China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Near-Surface Mounted Aluminum Alloy Bars under Fully Reversible Cyclic Loads, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001950, 27, 11, (2022).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share