Unbonded Post-Tensioned Structural Masonry Wall with Rubber Interface for Limited-Damage Systems
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 1
Abstract
Unbonded post-tensioned (UPT) tendons have been used in structural masonry walls to enhance the self-centering capability of the walls. However, the lateral displacement capacity of masonry walls with UPT tendons can be compromised by early crushing of the compression toes. To prevent toe crushing, this research study employed rubber pads underneath the bottom corners of a full-scale one-story wall. This concept was investigated by subjecting the wall sequentially to free vibration and quasistatic tests, which minimized damage to the masonry and reduced the strength degradation of the wall with increasing lateral drift. Two major damping components were identified: one is due to the instantaneous impact of the wall on the foundation base, and the other is due to the inelastic action occurring within the rubber pads during the continuous phase of rocking motion. Using the test results, a procedure is presented for designing masonry walls with rubber pads and UPT tendons.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Fabreeka International Inc. and their test engineer, Matthew Pladsen, for donating the rubber layers; the Advance Shoring Co. at Minnesota for donating the steel form-work for the foundation and top beam used in the tests; the Cement Masons Association for supervising casting of the concrete mix into the form-works; AMCON Concrete Products, LLC for donating the concrete masonry units; TCC Materials in Saint Paul for donating the grout and mortar materials; and the Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Association for donating their time at no cost to construct the masonry wall.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Acceptance criteria for special unbonded post-tensioned precast structural walls based on validation testing. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASTM. 2018a. Standard specification for quenched and tempered alloy steel bolts, studs, and other externally threaded fasteners. ASTM A354. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018b. Standard test methods for rubber properties in compression. ASTM D575-18. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Fabreeka. 2015. Vibration and shock control: Reducing structure-borne noise & impact shock and vibration. Stoughton, MA: Fabreeka International.
Hassanli, R., M. A. ElGawady, and J. E. Mills. 2016. “Experimental investigation of in-plane cyclic response of unbonded posttensioned masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (5): 04015171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001450.
Jacobsen, L. S. 1960. “Damping in composite structures.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 2nd World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1029–1044. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
Kalliontzis, D. 2018. “Behavior of precast concrete and masonry wall systems with jointed connections subjected to lateral loads.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota.
Kalliontzis, D., and A. E. Schultz. 2017a. “Characterizing the in-plane rocking response of masonry walls with unbonded posttensioning.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001838.
Kalliontzis, D., and A. E. Schultz. 2017b. “Improved estimation of the reverse-cyclic behavior of fully-grouted masonry shear walls with unbonded post-tensioning.” Eng. Struct. 145 (Aug): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.011.
Kalliontzis, D., and S. Sritharan. 2020. “Dynamic response and impact energy loss in controlled rocking members.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (4): 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3240.
Kalliontzis, D., and S. Sritharan. 2021. “Seismic behavior of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete members with thin rubber layers at the jointed connection.” PCI J. 66 (1): 60–76. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij66.1-02.
Kalliontzis, D., S. Sritharan, and A. Schultz. 2016. “Improved coefficient of restitution estimation for free rocking members.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (12): 06016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001598.
Laursen, P. T., and J. M. Ingham. 2000. Cyclic in-plane structural testing of prestressed concrete masonry walls, phase 1: Simple wall configurations, volume B: Data resource. Auckland, New Zealand: Univ. of Auckland, Dept. of Civil and Resource Engineering.
Laursen, P. T., and J. M. Ingham. 2001. “Structural testing of single-storey post-tensioned concrete masonry walls.” Masonry Soc. J. 19 (1): 69–82.
Menegotto, M., and P. E. Pinto. 1973. “Methods of analysis for cyclically loaded R/C frames.” In Proc., Symp. on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structure Acted by Well Defined Repeated Load. Lisbon, Portugal: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. https://iabse.org/.
Nazari, M., S. Sritharan, and S. Aaleti. 2017. “Single precast concrete rocking walls as earthquake force-resisting elements.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (5): 753–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2829.
NZS (New Zealand Standard). 1999. Concrete masonry buildings not requiring specific engineering design. NZS 4229:1999. Wellington, New Zealand: NZS.
Priestley, M. J. N., G. M. Calvi, and M. J. Kowalsky. 2007. Displacement-based seismic design of structures. Pavia, Italy: Instituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia Press.
Rosenboom, O. A., and M. J. Kowalsky. 2004. “Reversed in-plane cyclic behavior of post-tensioned clay brick masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (5): 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:5(787).
TMS (The Masonry Society). 2016. Building code requirements and specifications for masonry structures. TMS 402/602. Longmont, CO: TMS.
Wight, G. D., J. M. Ingham, and M. J. Kowalsky. 2006. “Shaketable testing of rectangular post-tensioned concrete masonry walls.” ACI Struct. J. 103 (4): 587–595.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 21, 2020
Accepted: Jun 18, 2021
Published online: Oct 18, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 18, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zheng Li, Fei Chen, Minjuan He, Weiguo Long, Jiajia Ou, Minghao Li, Experimental Investigation on Self-Centering Steel-Timber Hybrid Beam-Column Connections, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11570, 149, 3, (2023).
- Dimitrios Kalliontzis, Machel Morrison, Qingzhi Liu, Maryam Nazari, Vasileios Kotzamanis, Improving recovery of hybrid rocking walls through locally heat-treated replaceable bars for hysteretic energy dissipation, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114621, 267, (114621), (2022).