A Novel Shear Strength Prediction Approach for Headed Shear Studs Embedded in Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 11
Abstract
Due to the excellent mechanical properties of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC), the shear strength of stud–UHPC composite connections is significantly enhanced. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains not fully understood. This study discusses the process of failure of shear studs embedded in UHPC and develops a concrete wedge block model in an attempt to explain such improvement. The procedure to determine the key characteristics of the wedge block is established. Based on the wedge block model, a modified compression-dispersion model and plastic deformation theory were utilized to derive a shear strength prediction formula for stud–UHPC composite connections. Push-out test results combined with relevant data collected from available literature were used to validate the proposed formula. The deviation of predicted shear strength from experimental results was typically within 25%. The contribution from the UHPC wedge block to the shear strength of the stud–UHPC composite connection was found to be approximately 13%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used in this study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Project No. 2242021R10078), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract Nos. U1934205 and 51678140), and National Key R&D Plan (Contract No. 2017YFC0703402). Their financial support is greatly appreciated. The authors are grateful for Mr. Richard Way for editing and proofreading.
References
AASHTO. 2014. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. 8th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
An, L., and K. Cederwall. 1996. “Push-out tests on studs in high strength and normal strength concrete.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 36 (1): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(94)00036-H.
Anderson, N. S., and D. F. Meinheit. 2005. “Pryout capacity of cast-in headed stud anchors.” PCI J. 50 (2): 90–112. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03012005.90.112.
Aziz, O. Q., and G. H. Ahmed. 2012. “Mechanical properties of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC).” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, edited by T. C. Holland, P. R. Gupta, and V. M. Malhotra, 1–16. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Cao, J., X. Shao, L. Deng, and Y. Gan. 2017. “Static and fatigue behavior of short-headed studs embedded in a thin ultrahigh-performance concrete layer.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (5): 04017005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001031.
Cattaneo, S. 2007. “Wedge-type expansion anchors in high-performance concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 104 (2): 191. https://doi.org/10.14359/18531.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Part 1-1: General rues and rules for buildings. EN 1994-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chinn, J. 1965. “Pushout tests on lightweight composite slabs.” Eng. J. Am. Inst. Steel Constr. 2 (4): 129–134.
Delhomme, F., and M. Brun. 2019. “Pullout tests on post-installed bonded anchors in ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete.” Struct. Eng. Int. 29 (3): 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2019.1568847.
Gattesco, N., E. Giuriani, and A. Gubana. 1997. “Low-cycle fatigue test on stud shear connectors.” J. Struct. Eng. 123 (2): 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:2(145).
Goble, G. G. 1968. “Shear strength of thin flange composite specimens.” Eng. J. 5 (2): 62–65.
Graybeal, B., E. Brühwiler, B. S. Kim, F. Toutlemonde, Y. L. Voo, and A. Zaghi. 2020. “International perspective on UHPC in bridge engineering.” J. Bridge Eng. 25 (11): 04020094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001630.
Guyon, Y. 1953. Prestressed concrete. London: Contractor’s Record.
He, Z. Q., and Z. Liu. 2011. “Investigation of bursting forces in anchorage zones: Compression-dispersion models and unified design equation.” J. Bridge Eng. 16 (6): 820–827. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000187.
Hegger, J., G. Sedlacek, P. Döinghaus, H. Trumpf, and R. Eligehausen. 2001. “Studies on the ductility of shear connectors when using high strength steel and high-strength concrete.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Connections between Steel and Concrete, edited by R. Eligehausen, 1025–1045. Stuttgart, Germany: RILEM.
Hu, Y., H. Yin, X. Ding, S. Li, and J. Q. Wang. 2020a. “Shear behavior of large stud shear connectors embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 23 (16): 3401–3414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220939208.
Hu, Y., G. Zhao, Z. He, J. Qi, and J. Wang. 2020b. “Experimental and numerical study on static behavior of grouped large-headed studs embedded in UHPC.” Steel Compos. Struct. 36 (1): 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.038.
Jähring, A. 2008. “Zum Tragverhalten von Kopfbolzendübeln in hochfestem Beton.” [In Germany.] Thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität München.
Kim, J. S., J. Kwark, C. Joh, S. W. Yoo, and K. C. Lee. 2015. “Headed stud shear connector for thin ultrahigh-performance concrete bridge deck.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 108 (May): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.001.
Kruszewski, D., K. Wille, and A. E. Zaghi. 2018a. “Design considerations for headed shear studs embedded in ultra-high performance concrete as part of a novel bridge repair method.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 149 (Oct): 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.07.015.
Kruszewski, D., K. Wille, and A. E. Zaghi. 2018b. “Push-out behavior of headed shear studs welded on thin plates and embedded in UHPC.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.013.
Li, C., Z. Feng, L. Ke, R. Pan, and J. Nie. 2019. “Experimental study on shear performance of cast-in-place ultra-high performance concrete structures.” Materials 12 (19): 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193254.
Li, M. 2015. “Refined calculation method and time-dependent behaviors of stud connectors in steel-concrete composite girder bridges.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast Univ.
Lungershausen, H. 1988. Zur Schubtragfähigkeit von Kopfbolzendübeln. [In German.]. Bochum, Germany: Institut für konstruktiven Ingenieurbau, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
Luo, J., X. Shao, J. Cao, M. Xiong, and W. Fan. 2019. “Transverse bending behavior of the steel-UHPC lightweight composite deck: Orthogonal test and analysis.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 162 (Nov): 105708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105708.
Luo, Y., K. Hoki, K. Hayashi, and M. Nakashima. 2016a. “Behavior and strength of headed stud–SFRCC shear connection. I: Experimental study.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001363.
Luo, Y., K. Hoki, K. Hayashi, and M. Nakashima. 2016b. “Behavior and strength of headed stud–SFRCC shear connection. II: Strength evaluation.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001372.
McMullen, K. F., and A. E. Zaghi. 2020. “Experimental evaluation of full-scale corroded steel plate girders repaired with UHPC.” J. Bridge Eng. 25 (4): 04020011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001535.
MHURDOC (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China). 2003. Code for design of steel structures. GB 50017-2003. Beijing: MHURDOC.
MTPROC (Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China). 2012. Code for design of highway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges and culverts. JTG D62-2012. Beijing: MTPROC.
Oehlers, D. J. 1989. “Splitting induced by shear connectors in composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (2): 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:2(341).
Oehlers, D. J., and R. P. Johnson. 1987. “The strength of stud shear connections in composite beams.” Struct. Eng. 14 (2): 44–48.
Ollgaard, J. G., R. G. Slutter, and J. W. Fisher. 1971. “Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal weight concrete.” Eng. J. Am. Inst. Steel Constr. 8 (2): 55–64.
Prakash, A., N. Anandavalli, C. K. Madheswaran, and N. Lakshmanan. 2012. “Modified push-out tests for determining shear strength and stiffness of HSS stud connector-experimental study.” J. Compos. Mater. 2 (3): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.cmaterials.20120203.02.
Qi, J., Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Li. 2019. “Behavior and strength of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete of composite bridges.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 13 (5): 1138–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0542-6.
Qian, S., and V. C. Li. 2009. “Influence of concrete material ductility on headed anchor pullout performance.” ACI Mater. J. 106 (1): 72. https://doi.org/10.14359/56319.
Saari, W. K., J. F. Hajjar, A. E. Schultz, and C. K. Shield. 2004. “Behavior of shear studs in steel frames with reinforced concrete infill walls.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 60 (10): 1453–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2004.03.003.
Sahoo, D. K., B. Singh, and P. Bhargava. 2009. “Investigation of dispersion of compression in bottle-shaped struts.” ACI Struct. J. 106 (2): 178–186. https://doi.org/10.14359/56356.
SAOPRC (Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China). 2015. Reactive powder concrete. GB/T 31387-2015. Beijing: SAOPRC.
Shim, C. S., P. G. Lee, and T. Y. Yoon. 2004. “Static behavior of large stud shear connectors.” Eng. Struct. 26 (12): 1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.07.011.
Tong, L., L. Chen, M. Wen, and C. Xu. 2020. “Static behavior of stud shear connectors in high-strength-steel–UHPC composite beams.” Eng. Struct. 218 (Sep): 110827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110827.
Topkaya, C., J. A. Yura, and E. B. Williamson. 2004. “Composite shear stud strength at early concrete ages.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (6): 952–960. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:6(952).
Viest, I. M. 1956. “Investigation of stud shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beams.” ACI J. Proc. 27 (8): 875–892. https://doi.org/10.14359/11655.
Wang, J., J. Qi, T. Tong, Q. Xu, and H. Xiu. 2019a. “Static behavior of large stud shear connectors in steel-UHPC composite structures.” Eng. Struct. 178 (Jan): 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.058.
Wang, J., Q. Xu, Y. Yao, J. Qi, and H. Xiu. 2018. “Static behavior of grouped large headed stud-UHPC shear connectors in composite structures.” Compos. Struct. 206 (Dec): 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.038.
Wang, J. Q., J. P. Liu, Z. Wang, T. Liu, J. Z. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Cost-effective UHPC for accelerated bridge construction: Material properties, structural elements, and structural applications.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (2): 04020117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001660.
Wang, Z., X. Nie, J. S. Fan, X. Y. Lu, and R. Ding. 2019b. “Experimental and numerical investigation of the interfacial properties of non-steam-cured UHPC-steel composite beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 195 (Jan): 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.057.
Zhong, R., F. Zhang, L. H. Poh, S. Wang, H. T. N. Le, and M.-H. Zhang. 2021. “Assessing the effectiveness of UHPFRC, FRHSC and ECC against high velocity projectile impact.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 120 (Jul): 104013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104013.
Zhou, X. D. 2018. “Experimental study on mechanical properties of large diameter shear stud connecters in Steel-UHPC Composite Structure.” [In Chinese.] Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry Univ.
Zhu, J. S., Y. G. Wang, J. B. Yan, and X. Y. Guo. 2020. “Shear behaviour of steel-UHPC composite beams in waffle bridge deck.” Compos. Struct. 234 (Feb): 111678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111678.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 11 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 7, 2020
Accepted: May 4, 2021
Published online: Aug 28, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 28, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Xuhui Zhang, Long Cheng, Fu Xu, Caiqian Yang, Lei Wang, A Novel Model for Shear Strength Prediction of a Steel–UHPC Composite Structure Considering Interface Friction, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-13164, 150, 8, (2024).
- Hao Meng, Wei Wang, Rongqiao Xu, A Trilinear Model for the Load–Slip Behavior of Headed Stud Shear Connectors, Materials, 10.3390/ma16031173, 16, 3, (1173), (2023).
- Leilei Chen, Xinyuan Zhao, Zhendong Qian, Jiaqi Li, A systematic review of steel bridge deck pavement in China, Journal of Road Engineering, 10.1016/j.jreng.2023.01.003, (2023).
- Lei Liu, Long Zhang, Li Zhu, Jian Li, Yifan Yang, Lin Hao, Study on mechanical properties of stud connectors in steel-lightweight aggregate concrete composite structures, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.11.145, 47, (1072-1085), (2023).
- Kaiwei Lu, Linpu Du, Qizhi Xu, Yiming Yao, Jingquan Wang, Fatigue performance of stud shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beam with initial damage, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115381, 276, (115381), (2023).
- Xudong Zhao, Xudong Shao, Junhui Cao, Zongxuan Shao, Rongjun Ying-Li, Experimental studies on shear behavior of steel-UHPC composite beam with hot rolled shape steel, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115160, 274, (115160), (2023).
- Renda Zhao, Kaifeng Zheng, Xing Wei, Hongyu Jia, Xiaozhen Li, Qinghua Zhang, Guoji Xu, Yulin Zhan, Ruili Shen, Fang Zhang, Qianhui Pu, Hongye Gou, Chuanjin Yu, State-of-the-art and annual progress of bridge engineering in 2021, Advances in Bridge Engineering, 10.1186/s43251-022-00070-1, 3, 1, (2022).