Performance-Based Assessment and Structural Response of 20-Story SAC Building under Wind Hazards through Collapse
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 3
Abstract
With the increasing occurrence of extreme wind events (e.g., hurricanes) and growing interest in performance-based wind engineering, a better understanding of the structural response and collapse under extreme wind loads is needed. Studying the inelastic nonlinear response of buildings through collapse under wind hazards can lead to safer structures and inform future economic designs. The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of a 20-story steel moment-resisting frame, from the SAC project, under wind loads at different wind speeds. SAC is a joint venture between the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC; the S in SAC), the Applied Technology Council (ATC; the A in SAC), and California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREe; the C in SAC). The building design was first assessed for compliance based on the latest code requirements. Next, a nonlinear dynamic analysis under three different hazard levels was used to conduct a performance-based assessment. The analysis showed that the building conservatively meets the different performance targets. The building was deliberately underdesigned, which resulted in an 18% reduction in used materials, to conduct a comparative nonlinear response analysis and performance-based assessment. The nonlinear analysis for both building designs was extended under increased wind loads through collapse. Overall, the different parts of the study confirm that current code methods can lead to overly conservative structural designs and suggest that incorporating a performance-based approach along with a well-controlled nonlinear response under extreme wind events can lead to safer and more economical designs and is worthy of further investigations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
AISC. 2016. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360. Chicago: AISC.
Alipour, A., et al. 2018. Steer—Hurricane Michael: Preliminary virtual assessment team (P-VAT) report. Alexandria, VA: DesignSafe-CI, National Science Foundation.
ASCE/SEI (Structural Engineering Institute). 1990. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-88. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE/SEI (Structural Engineering Institute). 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE/SEI (Structural Engineering Institute). 2019. Prestandard for performance-based wind design. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Aswegan, K., R. Larsen, R. Klemencic, J. Hooper, and J. Hasselbauer. 2017. “Performance-based wind and seismic engineering: Benefits of considering multiple hazards.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2017. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2010. Interim guidelines on modeling and acceptance criteria for seismic design and analysis of tall buildings. ATC-72-1. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2018. “ATC hazards by location.” Accessed September 1, 2018. https://hazards.atcouncil.org/#/.
Barbato, M., and M. Esmaeili. 2019. “Climate change effects on the performance of single-family residential buildings in the US Gulf coast.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering. Seoul: International Civil Engineering Risk and Reliability Association.
Barbato, M., F. Petrini, V. U. Unnikrishnan, and M. Ciampoli. 2013. “Performance-based hurricane engineering (PBHE) framework.” Struct. Saf. 45 (Nov): 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.07.002.
Beck, A. T., I. A. Kougioumtzoglou, and K. R. dos Santos. 2014. “Optimal performance-based design of non-linear stochastic dynamical RC structures subject to stationary wind excitation.” Eng. Struct. 78 (Nov): 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.047.
BOCA (Building Officials and Code Administrators International). 1993. The BOCA national building code. Country Club Hills, IL: BOCA.
Chang, F. 1973. “Human response to motions in tall buildings.” J. Struct. Div. 99 (6): 1259–1272.
Chuang, W.-C., and S. M. Spence. 2017. “A performance-based design framework for the integrated collapse and non-collapse assessment of wind excited buildings.” Eng. Struct. 150 (Nov): 746–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.030.
Chuang, W.-C., and S. M. Spence. 2020. “Probabilistic performance assessment of inelastic wind excited structures within the setting of distributed plasticity.” Struct. Saf. 84 (May): 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.101923.
Ciampoli, M., F. Petrini, and G. Augusti. 2011. “Performance-based wind engineering: Towards a general procedure.” Struct. Saf. 33 (6): 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.07.001.
Colleen McQuoid, J. P. M. 2008. “22-Story concrete frame building model.” In Proc., OpenSEES Modeling Workshop. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Cui, W., and L. Caracoglia. 2017. “Examination of experimental variability in HFFB testing of a tall building under multi-directional winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 171 (Dec): 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.09.001.
FEMA. 2012a. Seismic performance assessment of buildings. Volume 1—Methodology. FEMA P-58-1. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2012b. Seismic performance assessment of buildings. Volume 2—Implementation. FEMA P-58-2. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2012c. Seismic performance assessment of buildings. Volume 3—Supporting electronic materials and background documentation. FEMA P-58-3. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Gani, F., and F. Légeron. 2012. “Relationship between specified ductility and strength demand reduction for single degree-of-freedom systems under extreme wind events.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 109 (Oct): 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.06.006.
Ghebremariam, B. T., and J. P. Judd. 2016. Windstorm resilience of a 46-story office building. Laramie, WY: Univ. of Wyoming.
Griffis, L., V. Patel, S. Muthukumar, and S. Baldava. 2013. “A framework for performance-based wind engineering.” In Advances in hurricane engineering: Learning from our past, 1205–1216. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Griffis, L. G. 1993. “Serviceability limit states under wind load.” Eng. J. 30: 1–16.
Gupta, A., and H. Krawinkler. 1999. Seismic demands for the performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frame structures. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
Hart, G. C., G. E. Brandow, L. Brugger, L. D. Carpenter, N. D. Quadri, S. C. Huang, I. Kashefi, C. Kumabe, and M. Lew. 2012. “An alternative procedure for seismic evaluation and strengthening of tall buildings.” Supplement, Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 21 (S1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1063.
Hart, G. C., and A. Jain. 2014. “Performance-based wind evaluation and strengthening of existing tall concrete buildings in the Los Angeles region: Dampers, nonlinear time history analysis and structural reliability.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 23 (16): 1256–1274. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1139.
Holmes, J. D. 2002. “Fatigue life under along-wind loading—Closed-form solutions.” Eng. Struct. 24 (1): 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00073-6.
Hosseini, M. S. 2013. “Parametric study of fatigue in light pole structures.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Akron.
Huang, M. 2017. “Performance-based design optimization of wind-excited tall buildings.” In High-rise buildings under multi-hazard environment, 157–185. New York: Springer.
ISO. 2004. Bases for design of structures-serviceability of buildings and walkways against vibrations. ISO 10137. Geneva: ISO.
Isyumov, N., and P. Case. 2000. “Wind-induced torsional loads and responses of buildings.” In Advanced technology in structural engineering, 1–8. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Judd, J. P. 2018. “Windstorm resilience of a 10-story steel frame office building.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst., Part A: Civ. Eng. 4 (3): 04018020. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000971.
Judd, J. P., and F. A. Charney. 2015. “Inelastic behavior and collapse risk for buildings subjected to wind loads.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2015, 2483–2496. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Judd, J. P., and F. A. Charney. 2016. “Wind performance assessment of buildings.” In Proc., Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Lamb, S., and K. C. Kwok. 2017. “The fundamental human response to wind-induced building motion.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 165 (Jun): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.03.002.
Lamb, S., K. C. Kwok, and D. Walton. 2014. “A longitudinal field study of the effects of wind-induced building motion on occupant wellbeing and work performance.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 133 (Oct): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.07.008.
Larsen, R., R. Klemencic, J. Hooper, and K. Aswegan. 2016. “Engineering objectives for performance-based wind design.” In Proc., Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Levenson, E. 2018. “This home on Mexico Beach survived Hurricane Michael: That’s no coincidence.” Accessed November 1, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/15/us/mexico-beach-house-hurricane-trnd/index.html.
Li, G., and H. Hu. 2014. “Risk design optimization using many-objective evolutionary algorithm with application to performance-based wind engineering of tall buildings.” Struct. Saf. 48 (May): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.01.002.
Lignos, D. G., A. R. Hartloper, A. Elkady, G. G. Deierlein, and R. Hamburger. 2019. “Proposed updates to the ASCE 41 nonlinear modeling parameters for wide-flange steel columns in support of performance-based seismic engineering.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (9): 04019083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002353.
Lignos, D. G., and H. Krawinkler. 2011. “Deterioration modeling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376.
Malley, J., G. Dierlein, H. Krawinkler, J. Maffei, M. Pourzanjani, J. Wallace, and J. Heintz. 2010. Modeling and acceptance criteria for seismic design and analysis of tall buildings (PEER ATC 72-1). Redwood City, CA: Applied Technology Council.
McKenna, F., G. L. Fenves, M. H. Scott, and B. Jeremic. 2000. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSEES). Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Mohammadi, A. 2016. “Wind performance based design for high-rise buildings.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Florida International Univ.
Mohammadi, A., A. Azizinamini, L. Griffis, and P. Irwin. 2019. “Performance assessment of an existing 47-story high-rise building under extreme wind loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (1): 04018232. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002239.
Muthukumar, S., S. Baldava, and J. Garber. 2013. “Performance-based evaluation of an existing building subjected to wind forces.” In Advances in hurricane engineering: Learning from our past, 1217–1228. Reston, VA: ASCE.
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program), BSSC (Building Seismic Safety Council), and FEMA. 2001. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 302a). Washington, DC: BSSC.
Park, S., E. Simiu, and D. Yeo. 2019. “Equivalent static wind loads vs. database-assisted design of tall buildings: An assessment.” Eng. Struct. 186 (May): 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.021.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2017. Guidelines for performance-based seismic design of tall buildings. Rep. 2017/06, Prepared by the TBI Guidelines Working Group. Berkeley, CA: PEER, Univ. of California.
SAC Joint Venture. 2000. State of the art report on systems performance of steel moment frames subject to earthquake ground shaking. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Spence, S. M., and A. Kareem. 2014. “Performance-based design and optimization of uncertain wind-excited dynamic building systems.” Eng. Struct. 78 (Nov): 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.026.
Tabbuso, P., S. M. Spence, L. Palizzolo, A. Pirrotta, and A. Kareem. 2016. “An efficient framework for the elasto-plastic reliability assessment of uncertain wind excited systems.” Struct. Saf. 58 (Jan): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2015.09.001.
TPU (Tokyo Polytechnic University). 2008. Wind pressure database for high-rise building. Tokyo: TPU.
Van de Lindt, J. W., and T. N. Dao. 2009. “Performance-based wind engineering for wood-frame buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (2): 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:2(169).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 3 • March 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 1, 2019
Accepted: Sep 10, 2020
Published online: Dec 18, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 18, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.