Tensile Tests of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Tubes
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 9
Abstract
In this study, an experimental program on cold-formed stainless steel tubular sections with and without perforations under pure tension is presented. Nine cross section series made of ferritic, lean duplex, and austenitic stainless steel were included. The square and rectangular stainless steel tubes had a nominal outer dimension ranging from 20 to 80 mm and nominal wall thickness ranging from 1.5 to 4 mm, while the nominal diameters of circular tubes were 60.5 and 76.3 mm. Tensile coupon tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties, and 21 full cross section tensile tests were performed on 9 specimens with circular perforations and the rest without perforation. Tensile test results were discussed and further compared with the tensile strengths predicted by the prevalent design rules for stainless steel structures, such as the American Specification SEI/ASCE8, Australian/New Zealand Standards AS/NZS4673, and European Code EN1993-1-4. The comparisons reveal that the tensile strength predictions by these design rules are quite conservative and scattered for cold-formed stainless steel tubular sections with and without perforations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to STALA Tube Finland for supplying the square and rectangular stainless steel test specimens.
References
Afshan, S., and L. Gardner. 2013. “Experimental study of cold-formed ferritic stainless steel hollow sections.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (5): 717–728. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000580.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute). 2016. North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. AISI S100. Washington, DC: AISI.
Arrayago, I., E. Real, and E. Mirambell. 2016. “Experimental study on ferritic stainless steel RHS and SHS beam-columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 100 (Mar): 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.12.004.
ASCE. 2002. Specification for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members. SEI/ASCE 8. Reston, VA: ASCE.
AS/NZS (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand). 2001. Cold-formed stainless steel structure. AS/NZS 4673. Sydney, Australia: AS/NZS.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM E8M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bock, M., I. Arrayago, and E. Real. 2015. “Experiments on cold-formed ferritic stainless steel slender sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 109 (Jun): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.005.
Cai, Y., W. M. Quach, M. T. Chen, and B. Young. 2019. “Behavior and design of cold-formed and hot-finished steel elliptical tubular stub columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 156 (May): 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.02.006.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Design of steel structures. 1.4: Supplementary rules for stainless steel. EN 1993-1-4. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2018a. “Cross-sectional behavior of cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow sections.” Eng. Struct. 177 (Dec): 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.057.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2018b. “Experimental and numerical investigation on pin-ended cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow section compression members.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 151 (Dec): 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.09.009.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2019a. “Behavior of cold-formed steel elliptical hollow sections subjected to bending.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 158 (Jul): 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.02.022.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2019b. “Material properties and structural behavior of cold-formed steel elliptical hollow section stub columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 134 (Jan): 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.07.055.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2019c. “Structural behavior of cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow section beams.” Eng. Struct. 185 (Apr): 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.069.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2019d. “Structural performance of cold-formed steel elliptical hollow section pin-ended columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 136 (Mar): 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.11.024.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2020a. “Beam-column tests of cold-formed steel elliptical hollow sections.” Eng. Struct. 210 (May): 109911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109911.
Chen, M. T., and B. Young. 2020b. “Tests of cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow section members under eccentric axial load.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (4): 04020027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002468.
Chen, M. T., B. Young, A. D. Martins, D. Camotim, and P. B. Dinis. 2020a. “Experimental investigation on cold-formed steel stiffened lipped channel columns undergoing local-distortional interaction.” Thin Walled Struct. 150 (May): 106682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106682.
Chen, M. T., B. Young, A. D. Martins, D. Camotim, and P. B. Dinis. 2020b. “Uniformly bent CFS lipped channel beams experiencing local-distortional interaction: Experimental investigation.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 170 (Jul): 106098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106098.
Gardner, L., and D. A. Nethercot. 2004. “Experiments on stainless steel hollow sections. 1: Material and cross-sectional behaviour.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 60 (9): 1291–1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2003.11.006.
He, A., Y. Liang, and O. Zhao. 2019. “Experimental and numerical studies of austenitic stainless steel CHS stub columns after exposed to elevated temperatures.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 154 (Mar): 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.12.005.
Huang, Y., and B. Young. 2012. “Material properties of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel sections.” Thin Walled Struct. 54 (May): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.02.003.
Huang, Y., and B. Young. 2014a. “Experimental investigation of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel beam-columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 76 (Mar): 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.11.006.
Huang, Y., and B. Young. 2014b. “Structural performance of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 83 (Oct): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.01.006.
Huang, Y., and B. Young. 2014c. “The art of coupon tests.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 96 (May): 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.01.010.
Lai, M. H., S. A. M. Binhowimal, L. Hanzic, Q. Wang, and J. Ho. Forthcoming. “Dilatancy mitigation of cement powder paste by pozzolanic and inert fillers.” Struct. Concr. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900320.
Lai, M. H., S. A. M. Binhowimal, L. Hanzic, Q. Wang, and J. Ho. 2020a. “Cause and mitigation of dilatancy in cement powder paste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 236 (Mar): 117595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117595.
Lai, M. H., M. T. Chen, F. M. Ren, and J. C. M. Ho. 2019a. “Uni-axial behaviour of externally confined UHSCFST columns.” Thin Walled Struct. 142 (Sep): 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.047.
Lai, M. H., L. Hanzic, and J. C. M. Ho. 2019b. “Fillers to improve passing ability of concrete.” Struct. Concr. 20 (1): 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800047.
Lai, M. H., C. W. Li, J. C. M. Ho, and M. T. Chen. 2020b. “Experimental investigation on hollow-steel-tube columns with external confinements.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 166 (Mar): 105865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105865.
Lai, M. H., W. Song, X. L. Ou, M. T. Chen, Q. Wang, and J. C. M. Ho. 2020c. “A path dependent stress-strain model for concrete-filled-steel-tube column.” Eng. Struct. 211 (Jun): 110312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110312.
Li, H. T., and B. Young. 2017. “Cold-formed ferritic stainless steel tubular structural members subjected to concentrated bearing loads.” Eng. Struct. 145 (Aug): 392–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.022.
Li, L. 2017. “Structural performance of concrete-filled cold-formed stainless steel members.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Liang, Y., V. V. K. Jeyapragasam, L. Zhang, and O. Zhao. 2019a. “Flexural-torsional buckling behaviour of fixed-ended hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel equal-leg angle section columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 154 (Mar): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.11.019.
Liang, Y., O. Zhao, Y.-L. Long, and L. Gardner. 2019b. “Stainless steel channel sections under combined compression and minor axis bending. 1: Experimental study and numerical modelling.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 152 (Jan): 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.03.027.
Lui, W.-M., M. Ashraf, and B. Young. 2014. “Tests of cold-formed duplex stainless steel SHS beam–columns.” Eng. Struct. 74 (Sep): 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.009.
Ma, J. L., T. M. Chan, and B. Young. 2015. “Material properties and residual stresses of cold-formed high strength steel hollow sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 109 (Jun): 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.006.
Rasmussen, K., and G. Hancock. 1993. “Design of cold-formed stainless steel tubular members. II: Beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 119 (8): 2368–2386. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:8(2368).
Rhodes, J., M. Macdonald, and W. McNiff. 2000. “Buckling of cold formed stainless steel columns under concentric and eccentric loading.” In Proc., 15th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, 687–699. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri-Rolla.
Su, M.-N., B. Young, and L. Gardner. 2014a. “Continuous beams of aluminum alloy tubular cross sections. I: Tests and FE model validation.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (9): 04014232. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001214.
Su, M.-N., B. Young, and L. Gardner. 2014b. “Deformation-based design of aluminium alloy beams.” Eng. Struct. 80 (Dec): 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.034.
Theofanous, M., and L. Gardner. 2010. “Experimental and numerical studies of lean duplex stainless steel beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (6): 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.01.012.
Wang, F., B. Young, and L. Gardner. 2019a. “Experimental study of square and rectangular CFDST sections with stainless steel outer tubes under axial compression.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (11): 04019139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002408.
Wang, F., O. Zhao, and B. Young. 2019b. “Flexural behaviour and strengths of press-braked S960 ultra-high strength steel channel section beams.” Eng. Struct. 200 (Dec): 109735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109735.
Winter, G., and S. Wang. 1969. Cold-rolled austenitic stainless steel: Materials properties and structural performance. Ithaca, NY: Dept. of Structural Engineering, Cornell Univ.
Xing, B. 2019. “Behavior and design of concrete-filled cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel structural members.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Yan, J. J., M. T. Chen, W. M. Quach, M. Yan, and B. Young. 2019. “Mechanical properties and cross-sectional behavior of additive manufactured high strength steel tubular sections.” Thin Walled Struct. 144 (Nov): 106158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.050.
Young, B., and W. Hartono. 2002. “Compression tests of stainless steel tubular members.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (6): 754–761. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:6(754).
Young, B., and Y. Liu. 2003. “Experimental investigation of cold-formed stainless steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (2): 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(169).
Young, B., and W.-M. Lui. 2005. “Behavior of cold-formed high strength stainless steel sections.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (11): 1738–1745. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:11(1738).
Zhang, L., K. H. Tan, and O. Zhao. 2019a. “Experimental and numerical studies of fixed-ended cold-formed stainless steel equal-leg angle section columns.” Eng. Struct. 184 (Apr): 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.083.
Zhang, L., F. Wang, Y. Liang, and O. Zhao. 2019b. “Press-braked S690 high strength steel equal-leg angle and plain channel section stub columns: Testing, numerical simulation and design.” Eng. Struct. 201 (Dec): 109764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109764.
Zhao, O., L. Gardner, and B. Young. 2016. “Buckling of ferritic stainless steel members under combined axial compression and bending.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 117 (Feb): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.10.003.
Zhou, F., and B. Young. 2007. “Experimental investigation of cold-formed high-strength stainless steel tubular members subjected to combined bending and web crippling.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (7): 1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:7(1027).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 31, 2019
Accepted: Mar 5, 2020
Published online: Jun 17, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 17, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.