Seismic Response of Post-Tensioned Cross-Laminated Timber Rocking Wall Buildings
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 7
Abstract
Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted for 5-story and 12-story prototype buildings that used post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking walls coupled with U-shaped flexural plates (UFPs) as the lateral force resisting system. The building models were subjected to 22 far-field and 28 near-fault ground motions, with and without directivity effects, scaled to the design earthquake and maximum considered earthquake for Seattle, with ASCE Site Class D. The buildings were designed to performance objectives that limited structural damage to crushing at the wall toes and nonlinear deformation in the UFPs, while ensuring code-based interstory drift requirements were satisfied and the post-tensioned rods remained linear. The walls of the 12-story building had a second rocking joint at midheight to reduce flexural demands in the lower stories and interstory drift in the upper stories. The interstory drift, in-plane wall shear and overturning moment, UFP deformation, and extent of wall toe crushing is summarized for each building. Near-fault ground motions with directivity effects resulted in the largest demands for the 5-story building, while the midheight rocking joint diminished the influence of ground motion directivity effects in the 12-story building. Results for both buildings confirmed that UFPs located higher from the base of the walls dissipated more energy compared to UFPs closer to the base.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author, Daniel Dolan, upon written request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-1635156. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
References
Akbas, T., R. Sause, J. M. Ricles, R. Ganey, J. Berman, S. Loftus, J. D. Dolan, S. Pei, J. W. van de Lindt, H.-E. Blomgren. 2017. “Analytical and experimental lateral-load response of self-centering posttensioned CLT walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (6): 04017019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001733.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). 2009. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
AWC (American Wood Council). 2017. National design specification for wood construction with commentary. ANSI/AWC NDS 2018. Leesburg, VA: AWC.
Baird, A., T. Smith, A. Palermo, and S. Pampanin. 2014. “Experimental and numerical study of U-shape flexural plate (UFP) dissipators.” In Proc., 2014 NZSEE Conf. New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Chey, M. H., G. Chase, J. B. Mander, and A. J. Carr. 2010. “Semi-active tuned mass damper building systems: Application.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39 (1): 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.933.
Chopra, A. 2012. Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
CSI (Computers and Structures Inc). 2010. CSI analysis reference manual: For SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE and CSI Bridge. Berkeley, CA: Computers and Structures.
Ganey, R. 2015. “Seismic design and testing of rocking cross laminated timber walls.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Washington.
Ganey, R., J. Berman, T. Akbas, S. Loftus, J. D. Dolan, R. Sause, J. Ricles, S. Pei, J. V. D. Lindt, and H.-E. Blomgren. 2017. “Experimental investigation of self-centering cross-laminated timber walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (10): 04017135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001877.
Holden, T., J. Restrepo, and J. B. Mander. 2003. “Seismic performance of precast reinforced and prestressed concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (3): 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:3(286).
ICC (International Code Council). 2018. International building code. Country Club Hills, IL: ICC.
Jin, Z., S. Pei, H. Blomgren, and J. Powers. 2019. “Simplified mechanistic model for seismic response prediction of coupled cross-laminated timber rocking walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (2): 04018253. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002265.
Kovacs, M., and L. Wiebe. 2017. “Controlled rocking CLT walls for buildings in regions of moderate seismicity: Design procedure and numerical collapse assessment.” J. Earthquake Eng. 23 (5):750–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1326421.
Kurama, Y., S. Pessiki, R. Sause, and L. Lu. 1999a. “Seismic behavior and design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” PCI J. 44 (3): 72–89. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.05011999.72.89.
Kurama, Y., R. Sause, S. Pessiki, and L.-W. Lu. 1999b. “Lateral load behavior and seismic design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J. 96 (4): 622–632.
Kurama, Y. C. 2002. “Hybrid post-tensioned precast concrete walls for use in seismic regions.” PCI J. 47 (5): 36–59. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09012002.36.59.
Li, T., J. W. Berman, and R. Wiebe. 2017. “Parametric study of seismic performance of structures with multiple rocking joints.” Eng. Struct. 146 (Sep): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.030.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. OpenSEES command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Nakaki, S. D., J. F. Stanton, and S. Sritharan. 1999. “An overview of the PRESSS five-story precast test building.” PCI J. 44 (2): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03011999.26.39.
Panagiotou, M., and J. I. Restrepo. 2009. “Dual-plastic hinge design concept for reducing higher-mode effects on high-rise cantilever wall buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (12): 1359–1380. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.905.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2017. Tall buildings initiative: Guidelines for performance-based seismic design of tall buildings. 2.0 ed. Berkeley, CA: PEER.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2018. “PEER ground motion database.” Accessed May 2018. https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu.
Pei, S., J. Van De Lindt, A. Barbosa, J. Berman, E. McDonnell, J. Dolan, R. Zimmerman, R. Sause, J. Ricles, and K. Ryan. 2018. “Full-scale shake table test of mass-timber building with resilient post-tensioned rocking walls.” In Proc., 2018 World Conf. of Timber Engineering. Washington, DC: USDA.
Perez, F. J., S. Pessiki, and R. Sause. 2013. “Experimental lateral load response of unbonded post tensioned precast concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J. 110 (6): 1045–1055.
Priestley, M. J. N., S. S. Sritharan, J. R. Conley, and S. Pampanin. 1999. “Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building.” PCI J. 44 (6): 42–67. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11011999.42.67.
Restrepo, J. I., and A. Rahman. 2007. “Seismic performance of self-centering structural walls incorporating energy dissipaters.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (11): 1560–1570. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:11(1560).
Sarti, F., A. Palermo, and S. Pampanin. 2016a. “Development and testing of an alternative dissipative post-tensioned rocking timber wall with boundary columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001390.
Sarti, F., A. Palermo, and S. Pampanin. 2016b. “Fuse-type external replaceable dissipaters: Experimental program and numerical modeling.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (12): 04016134. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001606.
Sarti, F., A. Palermo, and S. Pampanin. 2016c. “Quasi-static cyclic testing of two-thirds scale unbonded posttensioned rocking dissipative timber walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (4): E4015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001291.
Sarti, F., A. Palermo, S. Pampanin, and J. Berman. 2017. “Determination of the seismic performance factors for post-tensioned rocking timber wall systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (2): 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2784.
Smith, B. J., Y. C. Kurama, and M. J. McGinnis. 2011. “Design and measured behavior of a hybrid precast concrete wall specimen for seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (10): 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000327.
Sritharan, S., S. Aaleti, R. S. Henry, K.-Y. Liu, and K.-C. Tsai. 2015. “Precast concrete wall with end columns (PreWEC) for earthquake resistant design.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (12): 2075–2092. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2576.
Structurlam. 2016. Crosslam CLT technical design guide. Penticton, Canada: Structurlam.
Twigden, K. M., S. Sritharan, and R. S. Henry. 2017. “Cyclic testing of unbonded post-tensioned concrete wall systems with and without supplemental damping.” Eng. Struct. 140 (Jun): 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.008.
Wiebe, L., and C. Christopoulos. 2010. “Characterizing acceleration spikes due to stiffness changes in nonlinear systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39 (1): 1653–1670. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1009.
Wiebe, L., C. Christopoulos, R. Tremblay, and M. Leclerc. 2013a. “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 1: Concept, modelling, and low-amplitude shake-table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (7): 1053–1068. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2259.
Wiebe, L., C. Christopoulous, R. Tremblay, and M. Leclerc. 2013b. “Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 2: Large-amplitude shake table testing.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (7): 1069–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2258.
Wilson, A. 2018. “Numerical modeling and seismic performance of post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking wall systems.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State Univ.
Wilson, A. W., C. J. Motter, A. R. Phillips, and J. D. Dolan. 2019. “Modeling techniques for post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking walls.” Eng. Struct. 195 (Sep): 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.06.011.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 7 • July 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 9, 2019
Accepted: Jan 25, 2020
Published online: Apr 24, 2020
Published in print: Jul 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 24, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.