Abstract
This paper presents a series of full-scale tests on long-span cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames subjected to gravity load and combined gravity and lateral load. The tests were carried out with the objectives of observing the structural performance of an existing portal frame configuration, determining the ultimate strength of the existing and modified portal frame configurations, and validating the structural behavior simulated by numerical models. The tests on cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames demonstrated that the flexural-torsional buckling of columns was the dominant structural behavior. The ultimate failure deformations were concentrated at the eaves and the apex and were governed by the type of fasteners used for the connections of column lips to the connection brackets. The strengths of the frames with modified joint configuration were slightly higher than those of the frames with the existing proprietary joint configuration. The ultimate loads obtained from the tests are compared with ultimate loads predicted by the Direct Strength Method. A method for including the bimoment in the design of CFS portal frames is highlighted.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Project funding scheme (Project No. LP120200528). The ARC support is gratefully acknowledged. All materials were supplied by BlueScope Lysaght.
References
AS (Standards Australia). 2007. Metallic materials-tensile testing at ambient temperature. AS 1391. Sydney, Australia: AS.
AS (Standards Australia). 2018. Cold-formed steel structures. AS NZS4600. Sydney, Australia: AS.
Baigent, A. H., and G. J. Hancock. 1982. “The strength of cold-formed portal frames.” In Proc., 6th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
BlueScope Lysaght. 2014a. SupaPurlins -Quick selection guide for open carports in wind regions N2-N4. Minchinbury, NSW: BlueScope Lysaght.
BlueScope Lysaght. 2014b. Zeds and cees: User guide for design and installation professionals: Part I. Minchinbury, NSW: BlueScope Lysaght.
Blum, H. B., and K. J. R. Rasmussen. 2019. “Experimental investigation of long-span cold-formed steel double-channel portal frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 155 (Apr): 316–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.11.020.
Chung, K. F., and L. Lau. 1999. “Experimental investigation on bolted moment connections among cold formed steel members.” Eng. Struct. 21 (10): 898–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00043-1.
Dubina, D., A. Stratan, A. Ciutina, L. Fulop, and Z. Nagy. 2004. “Performance of ridge and eaves joints in cold-formed steel portal frames.” In Proc., 17th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Dunai, L. 2007. “Innovative steel and composite structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Dundu, M. 2011. “Design approach of cold-formed steel portal frames.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 11 (3): 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-011-3002-2.
Dundu, M., and A. R. Kemp. 2006. “Strength requirements of single cold-formed channels connected back-to-back.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 62 (3): 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.07.006.
Elkersh, I. 2010. “Experimental investigation of bolted cold formed steel frame apex connections under pure moment.” Ain Shams Eng. J. 1 (1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2010.09.002.
Hancock, G. J. 1985. “Portal frames composed of cold-formed channel and zed-sections.” In Steel framed structures-stability and strength, edited by R. Narayanan 241–275. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
Huang, Y., and B. Young. 2014. “The art of coupon tests.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 96 (May): 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.01.010.
Jackson, C., A. M. Wrzesien, R. P. Johnston, A. Uzzaman, and J. B. P. Lim. 2012. “Effect of reduced joint strength and semi-rigid joints on cold-formed steel portal frames.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Coupled Instabilities in Metal Structures. Glasgow, UK: Strathclyde Univ.
Kirk, P. 1986. “Design of a cold formed section portal frame building system.” In Proc., 8th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Kwon, Y., H. Chung, and G. Kim. 2006. “Experiments of cold-formed steel connections and portal frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (4): 600–607. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:4(600).
Lim, J. B., G. J. Hancock, G. C. Clifton, C. H. Pham, and R. Das. 2016. “DSM for ultimate strength of bolted moment-connections between cold-formed steel channel members.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 117 (Feb): 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.10.005.
Lim, J. B. P., and D. A. Nethercot. 2002. “Design and development of a general cold-formed steel portal framing system.” Struct. Eng. 80 (21): 31–40.
Lim, J. B. P., and D. A. Nethercot. 2004. “Finite element idealization of a cold-formed steel portal frame.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (1): 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:1(78).
Mills, J., and R. LaBoube. 2004. “Self-drilling screw joints for cold-formed channel portal frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (11): 1799–1806. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1799).
Mojtabaei, S. M., M. Z. Kabir, I. Hajirasouliha, and M. Kargar. 2018. “Analytical and experimental study on the seismic performance of cold-formed steel frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 143 (Apr): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.12.013.
Papangelis, J. P., and G. J. Hancock. 1995. “Computer analysis of thin-walled structural members.” Comput. Struct. 56 (1): 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(94)00545-E.
Rhodes, J., and R. Burns. 2006. “Development of a portal frame system on the basis of component testing.” In Proc., 18th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Rinchen, R. 2018. “Long span cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Sydney.
Sabbagh, A. B., R. Mirghaderi, M. Petkovski, and K. Pilakoutas. 2010. “An integrated thin-walled steel skeleton structure (two full scale tests).” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (3): 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.10.007.
Sabbagh, A. B., M. Petkovski, K. Pilakoutas, and R. Mirghaderi. 2012. “Experimental work on cold-formed steel elements for earthquake resilient moment frame buildings.” Eng. Struct. 42 (Sep): 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.025.
Schafer, B. W., and S. Ádány. 2006. “Buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members using CUFSM: Conventional and constrained finite strip methods.” In Proc., 18th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Stratan, A., Z. Nagy, and D. Dubina. 2006. “Cold-formed steel pitched-roof portal frames of back-to-back plain channel sections and bolted joints.” In Proc., 18th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Vlasov, V. Z. 1961. Thin-walled elastic beams. Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Wrzesien, A., J. B. Lim, Y. Xu, I. MacLeod, and R. Lawson. 2015. “Effect of stressed skin action on the behaviour of cold-formed steel portal frames.” Eng. Struct. 105 (Dec): 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.026.
Wrzesien, A. M., D. T. Phan, J. B. Lim, H.-H. Lau, I. Hajirasouliha, and C. S. Tan. 2016. “Effect of stressed-skin action on optimal design of cold-formed steel square and rectangular-shaped portal frame buildings.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 16 (2): 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-016-6004-2.
Ye, J., S. M. Mojtabaei, I. Hajirasouliha, and K. Pilakoutas. 2019. “Efficient design of cold-formed steel bolted-moment connections for earthquake resistant frames.” Thin Walled Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.12.015.
Yu, W. K., K. F. Chung, and M. F. Wong. 2005. “Analysis of bolted moment connections in cold-formed steel beam–column sub-frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 61 (9): 1332–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.03.001.
Zhang, X., and K. Rasmussen. 2014. “Tests of cold-formed steel portal frames with slender sections.” Steel Constr. 7 (3): 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201410030.
Ziemian, R., and W. McGuire. 2018. “MASTAN2 v3.5.” Accessed March 20, 2018. http://www.mastan2.com.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 1 • January 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 7, 2018
Accepted: Jun 5, 2019
Published online: Nov 15, 2019
Published in print: Jan 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Apr 15, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.