Uncertainty Models of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Bending: Code Comparison and Recycled Aggregate Incorporation
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 4
Abstract
The bias factor of the Eurocode 2 [CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2008). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures–Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings] and ACI 318 [ACI (American Concrete Institute) (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary] flexural resistance models of reinforced concrete beams are compared with emphasis on the effect of the incorporation of coarse recycled aggregates sourced from concrete waste. The bias factor of the yielding moment calculations according to both codes is also investigated, and the bias in the cracking moment when Eurocode 2 material clauses are used. The database was composed of 174 beams, and the criteria that led to its development are discussed. The effect of recycled aggregate incorporation on the statistical descriptors of the bias factor is evaluated and probabilistic modeling using lognormal distributions is argued for. Preliminary partial safety factors for the bias factor of recycled aggregate concrete beams are proposed. No significant differences in the bias of the ultimate moment were found between the two comparison vectors: Eurocode 2 versus ACI 318 specifications and recycled versus natural coarse aggregate. The bias of the cracking moment increased when coarse recycled aggregates were incorporated, most probably due to the higher heterogeneity of recycled aggregates.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of IST, University of Lisbon, the CERIS/ICIST research center, and the EcoCoRe doctoral program financed through the grant [PD/BD/113643/2015] of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ajdukiewicz, A. B., and A. T. Kliszczewicz. 2007. “Comparative tests of beams and columns made of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5 (2): 259–273. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.5.259.
Amorim, P., J. de Brito, and L. Evangelista. 2012. “Concrete made with coarse concrete aggregate: Influence of curing on durability.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (2): 195–204. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683706.
Arezoumandi, M., A. Smith, J. S. Volz, and K. H. Khayat. 2015. “An experimental study on flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100% recycled concrete aggregate.” Eng. Struct. 88: 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.043.
ASTM. 1996. Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. ASTM C31. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2003. Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. ASTM C31. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
BRE (Building Research Establishment). 2003. An independent technical expert review of the SAKO report. Watford, UK: BRE.
Breccolotti, M., and A. L. Materazzi. 2010. “Structural reliability of eccentrically-loaded sections in RC columns made of recycled aggregate concrete.” Eng. Struct. 32 (11): 3704–3712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.015.
Breccolotti, M., and A. L. Materazzi. 2013. “Structural reliability of bonding between steel rebars and recycled aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (10): 927–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.017.
Carino, N. J., W. F. Guthrie, E. S. Lagergren, and G. M. Mullings. 1994. “Effects of testing variables on the strength of high-strength (90 MPa) concrete cylinders.” Spec. Publ. 149: 589–632.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1998. General principles on reliability for structures. ISO 2394. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2002. Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design. EN-1990. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2008. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN-1992. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Choi, W.-C., H.-D. Yun, and S.-W. Kim. 2012. “Flexural performance of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams.” Mag. Concr. Res. 64 (9): 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.11.00018.
Corinaldesi, V., V. Letelier, and G. Moriconi. 2011. “Behaviour of beam-column joints made of recycled-aggregate concrete under cyclic loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (4): 1877–1882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.072.
Ellingwood, B., T. V. Galambos, J. G. MacGregor, and C. A. Cornell. 1980. Development of a probability-based load criterion for American National Standard A58.. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
Etxeberria, M., E. Vazquez, A. Mari, and M. Barra. 2007. “Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (5): 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002.
EU (European Union). 2008. Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. Brussels, Belgium: EU.
Evangelista, L., and J. de Brito. 2017. “Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams made with fine recycled concrete aggregates.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21 (1): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0653-8.
Fathifazl, G., A. G. Razaqpur, O. Burkan Isgor, A. Abbas, B. Fournier, and F. Simon. 2009. “Flexural performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete beams.” Struct. J. 106 (6): 858–867. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663187.
fib. 2010. Model Code 2010 final draft. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
González-Fonteboa, B., F. Martínez-Abella, D. Carro-Lopez, and S. Seara-Paz. 2011. “Stress-strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2335–2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.031.
González-Fonteboa, B., F. Martínez-Abella, M. F. Herrador, and S. Seara-Paz. 2012. “Structural recycled concrete: Behaviour under low loading rate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.010.
Holicky, M., M. Sykora, C. Barnardo-Viljoen, K. K. Mensah, and J. V. Retief. 2013. “Model uncertainties in reliability analysis of reinforced concrete structures.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Structural Engineering. Cape Town, South Africa: Mechanics and Computation.
Ignjatović, I. S., S. B. Marinković, Z. M. Mišković, and A. R. Savić. 2012. “Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams under short-term loading.” Mater. Struct. 46 (6): 1045–1059. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9952-9.
JCSS (Joint Committee of Structural Safety). 2001. Probabilistic model code part 3: Material properties. JCSS.
Kamara, M. E., L. C. Novak, and B. G. Rabbat. 2008. PCA notes on 318-08 building code requirements for structural concrete with design applications. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association.
Kang, T. H.-K., W. Kim, Y.-K. Kwak, and H. Sung-Gul. 2014. “Flexural testing of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates (with Appendix).” ACI Struct. J. 111 (3): 607–616. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686622.
Knaack, A., and Y. Kurama. 2015. “Behavior of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete coarse aggregates.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (3): B4014009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001118.
Kou, S. C., and C. S. Poon. 2012. “Enhancing the durability properties of concrete prepared with coarse recycled aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35: 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.032.
Li, W., J. Xiao, Z. Sun, and S. P. Shah. 2012. “Failure processes of modeled recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial compression.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (10): 1149–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.017.
Li, X. 2008. “Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part I. Material behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 53 (1–2): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.006.
Lu, R., Y. Luo, and J. P. Conte. 1994. “Reliability evaluation of reinforced concrete beams.” Struct. Saf. 14 (4): 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(94)90016-7.
NKB (Nordic Committee on Building Regulations)/SAKO (Joint Nordic Group for Structural Matters). 1999. “NKB1999:01E basis of design of structures.” In Proposals for modification of partial safety factors in Eurocodes. Oslo, Norway: NKB/SAKO.
Nowak, A. S., and K. R. Collins. 2000. Reliability of structures. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Otsuki, N., S. Miyazato, and W. Yodsudjai. 2003. “Influence of recycled aggregate on interfacial transition zone, strength, chloride penetration and carbonation of concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (5): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:5(443).
Pacheco, J., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, and D. Soares. 2015. “Destructive horizontal load tests of full-scale recycled aggregate concrete structures.” ACI Struct. J. 112 (6): 815–826. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687800.
Paul, S. C. 2011. “Mechanical behaviour and durability performance of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Stellenbosch.
Pedro, D., J. de Brito, and L. Evangelista. 2014. “Influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 71: 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.030.
Sato, R., I. Maruyama, T. Sogabe, and M. Sog. 2007. “Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled concrete beams.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5 (1): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.5.43.
Soares, D., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, and J. Pacheco. 2014. “Use of coarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejects: Mechanical and durability performance.” Constr. Build. Mater. 71: 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.034.
Sykora, M., M. Holicky, M. Prieto, and P. Tanner. 2014. “Uncertainties in resistance models for sound and corrosion-damaged RC structures according to EN 1992-1-1.” Mater. Struct. 48 (10): 3415–3430. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0409-1.
Tang, S., and A. B. Yeh. 2016. “Approximate confidence intervals for the log-normal standard deviation.” Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 32 (2): 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.1786.
Vrouwenvelder, A., and A. Siemes. 1987. “Probabilistic calibration procedure for the derivation of partial safety factors for the Netherlands building codes.” HERON 32 (4): 9–29.
Weibull, W. 1939. “A statistical theory of the strength of materials.” Proc. Roy. Swed. Inst. Eng. Res. 151 (1): 45.
Xiao, J., K. Zhang, and Q. Xie. 2016. “Reliability analysis for flexural capacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams.” Struct. Eng. Int. 26 (2): 121–129. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686616X14555428758920.
Xiao, J. Z., J. Li, and C. Zhang. 2005. “Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (6): 1187–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.020.
Yagishita, F., M. Sano, and M. Yamada. 1993. “Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled coarse aggregate.” In Proc., 3rd Int. RILEM Symp. on Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry. London: CRC Press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 4 • April 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 28, 2018
Accepted: Oct 4, 2018
Published online: Jan 31, 2019
Published in print: Apr 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jun 30, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.