Experimental Testing of Rocking Cross-Laminated Timber Walls with Resilient Slip Friction Joints
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 1
Abstract
Allowing a wall to rock and uplift during a seismic event can cap the forces and minimize the postevent residual damage. Slip friction connections comprised of flat steel plates sliding over each other have been experimentally tested as the hold-down connectors in timber shear walls and performed well in terms of the hysteretic behavior and the energy dissipation rate. However, the main disadvantage of these joints is the undesirable residual displacements. In recognition of this fact, a novel type of friction joint called a resilient slip friction (RSF) joint is proposed. The innovative configuration of this joint provides the energy dissipation and self-centering behavior all in one compact package. This paper describes the large-scale experimental test conducted on a rocking cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall with RSF joints as the hold-down connectors. Additionally, a series of capacity equations are presented and validated by comparing the analytical results with the experimental data. The results confirmed that this technology has the potential to provide a robust solution for seismic-resilient structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Earthquake Commission Research Foundation (EQC) of New Zealand for the financial support of the presented research under the Grant EQC 15/U710.
References
Ajrab, J. J., Pekcan, G., and Mander, J. B. (2004). “Rocking wall-frame structures with supplemental tendon systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 895–903.
Baktash, P., Marsh, C., and Pall, A. (1983). “Seismic tests on a model shear wall with friction joints.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 10(1), 52–59.
Bora, C., Oliva, M. G., Nakaki, S. D., and Becker, R. (2007). “Development of a precast concrete shear-wall system requiring special code acceptance.” PCI J., 52(1), 122–135.
Buchanan, A. H. (1999). Timber design guide, New Zealand Timber Industry Federation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ceccotti, A., Sandhaas, C., Okabe, M., Yasumura, M., Minowa, C., and Kawai, N. (2013). “SOFIE project—3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated timber building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(13), 2003–2021.
Gagnon, S., and Pirvu, C. (2011). CLT handbook: Cross-laminated timber, FPInnovations, Vancouver, Canada.
Hashemi, A., Loo, W. Y., Masoudnia, R., Zarnani, P., and Quenneville, P. (2016a). “Ductile cross laminated timber (CLT) platform structures with passive damping.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering (WCTE2016), Vienna Univ. of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
Hashemi, A., Masoudnia, R., and Quenneville, P. (2016b). “A numerical study of coupled timber walls with slip friction damping devices.” Constr. Build. Mater., 121(1), 373–385.
Hashemi, A., Masoudnia, R., and Quenneville, P. (2016c). “Seismic performance of hybrid self-centring steel-timber rocking core walls with slip friction connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 126(1), 201–213.
Hashemi, A., Zarnani, P., Masoudnia, R., and Quenneville, P. (2017a). “Seismic resistant cross laminated timber (CLT) structures with innovative resilient slip friction (RSF) joints.” World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (16WCEE), Chilean Association of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile.
Hashemi, A., Zarnani, P., Masoudnia, R., and Quenneville, P. (2017b). “Seismic resistant rocking coupled walls with innovative Resilient Slip Friction (RSF) joints.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 129(1), 215–226.
Hashemi, A., Zarnani, P., Valadbeigi, A., Masoudnia, R., and Quenneville, P. (2016d). “Seismic resistant cross laminated timber structures using an innovative resilient friction damping system.” Proc., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Iqbal, A., Pampanin, S., Palermo, A., and Buchanan, A. H. (2015a). “Performance and design of LVL walls coupled with UFP dissipaters.” J. Earthquake Eng., 19(3), 383–409.
Iqbal, A., Smith, T., Pampanin, S., Fragiacomo, M., Palermo, A., and Buchanan, A. H. (2015b). “Experimental performance and structural analysis of plywood-coupled LVL walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 4015123.
Khoo, H., Clifton, C., MacRae, G., Zhou, H., and Ramhormozian, S. (2015). “Proposed design models for the asymmetric friction connection.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 44(8), 1309–1324.
Loo, W. Y., Kun, C., Quenneville, P., and Chouw, N. (2014a). “Experimental testing of a rocking timber shear wall with slip-friction connectors.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(11), 1621–1639.
Loo, W. Y., Quenneville, P., and Chouw, N. (2012). “A numerical study of the seismic behaviour of timber shear walls with slip friction connectors.” Eng. Struct., 34(1), 233–243.
Loo, W. Y., Quenneville, P., and Chouw, N. (2014b). “A new type of symmetric slip-friction connector.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 94(1), 11–22.
Loo, W. Y., Quenneville, P., and Chouw, N. (2015). “Rocking timber structure with slip-friction connectors conceptualized as a plastically deformable hinge within a multistory shear wall.” J. Struct. Eng., E4015010.
MacRae, G. A., Clifton, G. C., Mackinven, H., Mago, N., Butterworth, J., and Pampanin, S. (2010). “The sliding hinge joint moment connection.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 43(3), 202–212.
Marriott, D., Pampanin, S., Bull, D., and Palermo, A. (2008). “Dynamic testing of precast, post-tensioned rocking wall systems with alternative dissipating solutions.” 2008 New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Masoudnia, R., Zarnai, P., and Quenneville, P. (2016). “Evaluation of effective flange width in the CLT composite T-beams.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering WCTE2014, Vienna Univ. of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
New Zealand Standards. (2004). “Structural design actions.” NZS 1170.5, Wellington, New Zealand.
Pall, A. S., Marsh, C., and Fazio, P. (1980). “Friction joints for seismic control of large panel structures.” PCI J., 25(6), 38–61.
Popov, E. P., Grigorian, C. E., and Yang, T.-S. (1995). “Developments in seismic structural analysis and design.” Eng. Struct., 17(3), 187–197.
Popovski, M., and Gavric, I. (2015). “Performance of a 2-story CLT house subjected to lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng., E4015006.
SAP2000 version 17 [Computer Software]. Computer and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, CA.
Sarti, F., Palermo, A., and Pampanin, S. (2012). “Design charts and simplified procedures for post-tensioned seismic resistant timber walls.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering WCTE2012, New Zealand Timber Design Society, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sarti, F., Palermo, A., and Pampanin, S. (2015a). “Development and testing of an alternative dissipative posttensioned rocking timber wall with boundary columns.” J. Struct. Eng., E4015011.
Sarti, F., Palermo, A., and Pampanin, S. (2015b). “Quasi-static cyclic testing of two-thirds scale unbonded posttensioned rocking dissipative timber walls.” J. Struct. Eng., E4015005.
Smith, T., et al. (2007). “Seismic response of hybrid-LVL coupled walls under quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing.” 2007 New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Wanninger, F., Frangi, A., and Fragiacomo, M. (2014). “Long-term behavior of posttensioned timber connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 4014155.
Wrzesniak, D., Rodgers, G. W., Fragiacomo, M., and Chase, J. G. (2016). “Experimental testing of damage-resistant rocking glulam walls with lead extrusion dampers.” Constr. Build. Mater., 102(1), 1145–1153.
Yasumura, M., Kobayashi, K., Okabe, M., Miyake, T., and Matsumoto, K. (2015). “Full-scale tests and numerical analysis of low-rise CLT structures under lateral loading.” J. Struct. Eng., E4015007.
Zarnani, P., Valadbeigi, A., and Quenneville, P. (2016). “Resilient slip friction (RSF) joint: A novel connection system for seismic damage avoidance design og timber structures.” World Conf. on Timber Engineering WCTE2014, Vienna Univ. of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 1 • January 2018
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 16, 2017
Accepted: Jul 6, 2017
Published online: Nov 10, 2017
Published in print: Jan 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.