Mesoscale Analysis of RC Anchorage Performance in Multidirectional Reinforcement Using a Three-Dimensional Discrete Model
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 7
Abstract
To investigate anchorage performance in a multidirectional arrangement of reinforcement bars, simulations are carried out using a three-dimensional discrete model, specifically the three-dimensional rigid-body-spring model (3D RBSM). In 3D RBSM, a material is partitioned into an assemblage of rigid bodies interconnected along their contact boundaries through discrete springs. In this study, for example, RC is meshed into rigid bodies with a size of 1–2 cm, where the opening, closing, and sliding of cracks can be modeled by the deformation or transmission of internal forces between two rigid bodies through the use of nonlinear springs along their contact boundaries. Simulations are conducted, one with the number of transverse reinforcement bars as a parameter and another varying the clear space between column reinforcement and embedded reinforcement in a congested joint. The results of these simulations are evaluated through comparison with experimental data; good agreement is observed with respect to anchorage capacity, crack pattern, and failure mode. The simulation results indicate the concrete strength is reduced if the reinforcement spacing between the column reinforcement and the embedded reinforcement is very close because of a nonhomogeneous behavior of concrete, where in the previous experiment large voids around reinforcing bars were observed. Simulations also suggest that the propagation of local cracks depends on the arrangement of reinforcing bars. This research shows how mesoscale analysis using the 3D RBSM can be a useful technique to consider the effect of a multidirectional arrangement of reinforcing steel that results in a complex stress and strain state due to the 3D bond transfer mechanism. It can be used for the design of a reinforcement arrangement in congested areas that is not addressed by the design code. As a result, a rational reinforcement arrangement can be designed on a case-by-case basis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Baig, U., and Nagai, K. (2013). “Effect of self-compacting concrete and aggregate size on anchorage performance at highly congested reinforcement regions.” Int. J. Civ. Eng., 7(9), 746–754.
Bolander, J. E., and Berton, S. (2004). “Simulation of shrinkage induced cracking in cement composite overlays.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 26(7), 861–871.
Bolander, J. E., Choi, S., and Duddukuri, S. R. (2008). “Fracture of fiber-reinforced cement composites: Effects of fiber dispersion.” Int. J. Fract., 154(1–2), 73–86.
Bolander, J. E., and Hong, G. S. (2002). “Rigid-body-spring network modeling of prestressed concrete members.” ACI Struct. J., 99(5), 595–604.
Bolander, J. E., Hong, G. S., and Yoshitake, K. (2000). “Structural concrete analysis using rigid-body-spring networks.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 15(2), 120–133.
Bolander, J. E., and Le, B. D. (1999). “Modeling crack development in reinforced concrete structures under service loading.” Constr. Build. Mater., 13(1), 23–31.
Bolander, J. E., and Saito, S. (1998). “Fracture analysis using spring networks with random geometry.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 61(5), 569–591.
Bolander, J. E., Yoshitake, K., and Thomure, J. (1999). “Stress analysis using elastically homogeneous rigid-body-spring networks.” Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng., 633, 25–32.
Eddy, L., Nagai, K., and Ikuta, K. (2013). “Mesoscale simulation of tension stiffening effect of reinforced concrete by 3D discrete model.” Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineering Annual Meeting 69, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, 129–130.
Gedik, Y. H., Nakamura, H., Yamamoto, Y., and Kunieda, M. (2010). “Analyses of pre-and post-peak behavior of deep beams failed in shear using 3-D-RBSM.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, 23–28.
Goto, Y. (1971). “Cracks formed in concrete around tension bars.” Am. Concr. Inst. J., 68(4), 244–251.
Hayashi, D., and Nagai, K. (2013). “Investigating the anchorage performance of RC by using three-dimensional discrete analysis.” Eng. Comput., 30(6), 815–824.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers design code. (2007). “Standard specifications for concrete structures 2007 ‘design’.” ⟨http://www.jsce-int.org/about/guideline⟩ (May 11, 2015).
Kawai, T. (1978). “New discrete models and their application to seismic response analysis of structure.” Nucl. Eng. Des., 48(1), 207–229.
Morita, S., and Fujii, S. (1982). “Bond capacity of deformed bars due to splitting of surrounding concrete.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Bond in Concrete, P. Bartos, ed., Applied Science Publishers, London, 331–341.
Nagai, K., Hayashi, D., and Eddy, L. (2014). “Numerical simulation of failure of anchorage with shifted mechanical anchorage bars by 3D discrete model.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 17(6), 861–870.
Nagai, K., Sato, Y., and Ueda, T. (2005). “Mesoscopic simulation of failure of mortar and concrete by 3D RBSM.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 3(3), 385–402.
Nam, J. W., Abell, M. P., Lim, Y. M., and Bolander, J. E. (2010). “Strength degradation of fiber-reinforced cement composites exposed to simulated environments.” ACI Spec. Publ., 272, 189–204.
Ngo, D., and Scordelis, A. C. (1967). “Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams.” ACI J., 64(3), 152–163.
Nilson, A. H. (1968). “Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete by the finite element.” ACI J., 65(9), 757–766.
Orangun, C. O., Jirsa, J. A., and Breen, J. E. (1977). “A Reevaluation of test data on development length and splices.” ACI J. Proc., 74(3), 114–122.
Salem, H. M., and Maekawa, K. (2004). “Pre- and post-yield finite element method simulations of bond of ribbed reinforcing bars.” J. Struct. Eng., 671–680.
Shima, H., Chou, L. L., and Okamura, H. (1987). “Micro and macro models for bond in reinforced concrete.” J. Faculty Eng., 39(2), 133–194.
Yoshitake, K., Ogura, H., and Ogawa, A. (2010). “The influence of vertical and horizontal position relationship between beam and column reinforcements in joint to bond performance.” Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineering Annual Meeting 65, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, 1109–1110 (in Japanese).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 7 • July 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 9, 2015
Accepted: Dec 16, 2016
Published ahead of print: Mar 16, 2017
Published online: Mar 17, 2017
Published in print: Jul 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.