Parametric Study of Low-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frames under Cyclic Static Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 6
Abstract
In moderate seismic regions, engineers are permitted to use a response modification coefficient, , of 3 in the design of steel systems without any specific seismic detailing or proportioning requirements. Recent research, however, has raised questions regarding the reliability of concentrically braced frame (CBF) systems designed using the provision because their performance under the maximum considered earthquake seismic hazard is inherently dependent on reserve capacity—lateral force-resisting capacity outside the primary seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). In a previous study by the authors, two full-scale two-story CBF tests were conducted to better understand seismic behavior and associated reserve capacity after significant damage in the primary SFRS. These tests were (1) an chevron; and (2) an split-x ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF). To complement the experimental program, a numerical parametric study was conducted to further distinguish the influence that two design parameters—system type and system configuration—have on overall system behavior including non-ductile limit states and reserve capacity. Although the prototype frames studied were designed for the same building and location, they exhibited a wide variety of limit states. The occurrence of particular classes of mechanisms and their associated reserve capacities was influenced by the system type and system configuration. Specific reserve capacity mechanisms depended on the location of damage within the primary SFRS. Predicting these damage locations is difficult because they depend on as-built weld overstrength. This paper explores the classes of reserve capacity mechanisms that were observed both experimentally and in the companion numerical simulations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CMMI-1207976) and the American Institute of Steel Construction. The first author was partially supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1144245. The opinions, findings, and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of those acknowledged here.
References
Abolmaali, A., Kukreti, A. R., and Razavi, H. (2003). “Hysteresis behavior of semi-rigid double web angle steel connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 59(8), 1057–1082.
AISC. (1997). “Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings.”, Chicago.
AISC. (2010a). “Code of standard practice for steel buildings and bridges.”, Chicago.
AISC. (2010b). “Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings.”, Chicago.
AISC. (2010c). “Specification for structural steel buildings.”, Chicago.
ASCE. (2005). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2013). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
Beland, T., et al. (2014). “Full-scale testing of beam-column connections with angles.” Proc., 2014 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Bradley, C. (2016). “Experimental investigation of post-elastic failure mechanisms in low-ductility braced frames and the implications for collapse performance.” M.S. thesis, Tufts Univ., Medford, MA.
Bradley, C., Sizemore, J., Nelson, J., Tremblay, R., Hines, E. M., and Fahnestock, L. A. (2014). “Large-scale testing of low-ductility, concentrically-braced frames.” Proc., 2014 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Bradley, C. R., Fahnestock, L. A., Hines, E. M., and Sizemore, J. G. (2017). “Full-scale cyclic testing of low-ductility concentrically braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Bruneau, M., Wilson, J. C., and Tremblay, R. (1996). “Performance of steel bridges during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake.” Can. J. Civil Eng., 23(3), 678–713.
Callister, J. T., and Pekelnicky, R. G. (2011). “Seismic evaluation of an existing low ductility braced frame building in California.” Proc., ASCE Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Clifton, C., Bruneau, M., MacRae, G., Leon, R., and Fussell, A. (2011). “Steel structures damage from the christchurch earthquake series of 2010 and 2011.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 44(4), 297–318.
Davaran, A., Beland, T., Fahnestock, L. A., Hines, E. M., and Tremblay, R. (2014). “Experimental behavior of low-ductility brace connection limit states.” Proc., 2014 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Goggins, J., and Salawdeh, S. (2013). “Validation of nonlinear time history analysis models for single-storey concentrically braced frames using full-scale shake table tests.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(8), 1151–1170.
Hines, E. M., Appel, M. E., and Cheever, P. J. (2009). “Collapse performance of low-ductility chevron braced steel frames in moderate seismic regions.” Eng. J., 46(3), 149–180.
Hsiao, P. C., Lehman, D. E., and Roeder, C. W. (2012). “Improved analytical model for special concentrically braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 73, 80–94.
Ibarra, L. F., Medina, R. A., and Krawinkler, H. (2005). “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34(12), 1489–1511.
Karamanci, E. (2013). “Collapse assessment and performance-based evaluation techniques for concentrically braced frames designed in seismic regions.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal.
Karamanci, E., and Lignos, D. G. (2014). “Computational approach for collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames in seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng, .
Lignos, D. G., and Krawinkler, H. (2009). “Sidesway collapse of deteriorating structural systems under seismic excitations.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Liu, J., and Astaneh-Asl, A. (2000). “Cyclic testing of simple connections including effects of slab.” J. Struct. Eng., 32–39.
Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2006). “OpenSees command language manual.” Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, Berkeley, CA.
McKenna, F. (1997). “Object oriented finite element programming frameworks for analysis, algorithms and parallel computing.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Nelson, J., et al. (2014). “Cyclic experimental behavior of angles and applications for connection design and modeling.” Proc., 2014 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Nelson, J. (2014). “Lateral system design philosophy within moderate seismic regions: Tozzer library case study and angle connection component test program.” M.S. thesis, Tufts Univ., Medford, MA.
Rai, D. C., and Goel, S. C. (2003). “Seismic evaluation and upgrading of chevron braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 59(8), 971–994.
Sen, A., Roeder, C., Lehman, D., and Berman, J. (2015). “How big is that beam? revisited.” Structure Magazine.
Sizemore, J., Davaran, A., Fahnestock, L., Tremblay, R., and Hines, E. (2014). “Seismic behavior of low-ductility concentrically-braced frames.” Proc., 2014 Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Stoakes, C. D., and Fahnestock, L. A. (2011). “Cyclic flexural testing of concentrically braced frame beam-column connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 739–747.
Stoakes, C. D., and Fahnestock, L. A. (2012). “Cyclic flexural analysis and behavior of beam-column connections with gusset plates.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 72, 227–239.
Tremblay, R., Filiatrault, A., Bruneau, M., Nakashima, M., Prion, H. G., and DeVall, R. (1996). “Seismic design of steel buildings: Lessons from the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 23(3), 727–756.
Tremblay, R., Filiatrault, A., Timler, P., and Bruneau, M. (1995). “Performance of steel structures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 22(2), 338–360.
Tremblay, R., and Stiemer, S. F. (1994). “Back-up stiffness for improving the stability of multi-storey braced frames under seismic loading.” Proc.,SSRC Annual Task Group Technical Session, Bethlehem, PA, 311–325.
Uriz, P. (2005). “Towards earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 6 • June 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 26, 2016
Accepted: Nov 29, 2016
Published online: Feb 21, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jul 21, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.