Experimental Analysis of Steel Beams Subjected to Fire Enhanced by Brillouin Scattering-Based Fiber Optic Sensor Data
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents high temperature measurements using a Brillouin scattering-based fiber optic sensor and the application of the measured temperatures and building code recommended material parameters into enhanced thermomechanical analysis of simply supported steel beams subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loading. The distributed temperature sensor captures detailed, nonuniform temperature distributions that are compared locally with thermocouple measurements with less than 4.7% average difference at 95% confidence level. The simulated strains and deflections are validated using measurements from a second distributed fiber optic (strain) sensor and two linear potentiometers, respectively. The results demonstrate that the temperature-dependent material properties specified in the four investigated building codes lead to strain predictions with less than 13% average error at 95% confidence level and that the Europe building code provided the best predictions. However, the implicit consideration of creep in Europe is insufficient when the beam temperature exceeds 800°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under Award No. 70NANB13H183. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of NIST. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to specify the experimental procedure. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST nor to imply the materials or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
References
ABAQUS [Computer software]. Dassault Systèmes, Waltham, MA.
AISC. (2010). “Specifications for structural steel buildings.” ANSI/AISC 360-10, Chicago, IL.
AISC. (2011). Steel construction manual, 14th Ed., Chicago, IL.
Bao, X., and Chen, L. (2011). “Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors.” Sensors, 11(12), 4152–4187.
Bao, Y., and Chen, G. (2015). “Fully-distributed fiber optic sensor for strain measurement at high temperature.” Proc., 10th Int. Workshop Struct. Health. Monit., DEStech Publications, Lancaster, PA.
Bao, Y., and Chen, G. (2016a). “Strain distribution and crack detection in thin unbonded concrete pavement overlays with fully distributed fiber optic sensors.” Opt. Eng., 55(1), 011008.
Bao, Y., and Chen, G. (2016b). “Temperature-dependent strain and temperature sensitivities of fused silica single mode fiber sensors with pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis.” Meas. Sci. Technol., 27(6), 065101.
Bao, Y., Meng, W., Chen, Y., Chen, G., and Khayat, K. H. (2015). “Measuring mortar shrinkage and cracking by pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis with a single optical fiber.” Mater. Lett., 145, 344–346.
Baum, H. R. (2011). “Simulating fire effects on complex building structures.” Mech. Res. Commun., 38(1), 1–11.
Bertola, V., and Cafaro, E. (2009). “Deterministic-stochastic approach to compartment fire modeling.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 465, 1029–1041.
Bundy, M., Hamins, A., Johnsson, E. L., Kim, S. C., Ko, G. H., and Lenhert, D. B. (2007). “Measurements of heat and combustion products in reduced-scale ventilation-limited compartment fires.” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
Cadorin, J. F., and Franssen, J. M. (2003). “A tool to design steel elements submitted to compartment fires OZone V2. Part 1: Pre- and post-flashover compartment fire model.” Fire Saf. J., 38(5), 395–427.
CECS (China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization). (2006). “Technical code for fire safety of steel structures in buildings.” CECS200-2006, Beijing.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2005). “Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1-2: General rules—Structural fire design.” EN 1993-1-2, London.
Choi, J. (2008). “Concurrent fire dynamics models and thermomechanical analysis of steel and concrete structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate Faculty of Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
Dwaikat, M., Kodur, V., Quiel, S., and Garlock, M. (2011). “Experimental behavior of steel beam-columns subjected to fire-induced thermal gradients.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(1), 30–38.
Huang, Y., Fang, X., Zhou, Z., Chen, G., and Xiao, H. (2013). “Large-strain optical fiber sensing and real-time FEM updating of steel structures under the high temperature effect.” Smart Mater. Struct., 22(1), 015016.
Huang, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., and Xiao, H. (2010). “A temperature self-compensated LPFG sensor for large strain measurements at high temperature.” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 59(11), 2997–3004.
Huang, Z. F., and Tan, K. H. (2003). “Analytical fire resistance of axially restrained steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 1531–1537.
Jeffers, A. E., and Sotelino, E. D. (2012). “An efficient fiber element approach for the thermo-structural simulation of non-uniformly heated frames.” Fire Saf. J., 51, 18–26.
Kishida, K., and Li, C. H. (2006). “Pulse pre-pump-BOTDA technology for new generation of distributed strain measuring system.” Proc., Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 471–477.
Kodur, V., Dwaikat, M., and Fike, R. (2010). “High-temperature properties of steel for fire resistance modeling of structures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 423–434.
Kouzmina, I., Chien, C. K., Bell, P., and Fewkes, E. (2010). “Corning CPC protective coating—An overview.”, Corning Inc., Corning, NY.
Li, G., and Guo, S. (2008). “Experiment on restrained steel beams subjected to heating and cooling.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(3), 268–274.
Li, G., Han, L., Lou, G., and Jiang, S. (2006). Steel and steel-concrete composite structures fire resistance design, China Architecture and Building Press, China (in Chinese).
Li, G., and Wang, P. (2012). Advanced analysis and design for fire safety of steel structures, Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou, China.
Li, G., and Zhang, C. (2012). “Simple approach for calculating maximum temperature of insulated steel members in natural-fires.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 71, 104–110.
Luecke, W., Banovic, S., and McColskey, J. (2011). “High-temperature tensile constitutive data and models for structural steels in fire.” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
McAllister, T., Luecke, W., Iadicola, M., and Bundy, M. (2012). “Measurement of temperature, displacement, and strain in structural components subject to fire effects: Concepts and candidate approaches.” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
McGrattan, K., McDermott, R., Hostikka, S., and Floyd, J. (2010). “Fire dynamics simulator (Version 5) user’s guide.” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
Neubrex. (2013). User’s manual of neubrescope NBX-7020, Kobe, Japan.
Rinaudo, P., Torres, B., Paya-Zaforteza, I., Calderón, P. A., and Sales, S. (2015). “Evaluation of new regenerated fiber Bragg grating high-temperature sensors in an ISO834 fire test.” Fire Saf. J., 71, 332–339.
SA (Standards Association of Australian). (1998). “Steel structures.” AS 4100-1998, Homebush, NSW.
SIMULIA. (2014). Abaqus user subroutines reference manual version 6.14, Providence, RI.
Sunder, S. S., et al. (2005). “Federal building and fire safety investigation of the world trade center disaster: Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers.” NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
Tan, K. H., Toh, W. S., Huang, Z. F., and Phng, G. H. (2007). “Structural responses of restrained steel columns at elevated temperatures. Part 1: Experiments.” Eng. Struct., 29(8), 1641–1652.
Usmani, A., Rotter, J. M., Lamont, S., and Gillie, M. (2001). “Fundamental principles of structural behavior under thermal effects.” Fire Saf. J., 36(8), 721–744.
Usmani, A. S., Chung, Y. C., and Torero, J. L. (2003). “How did the WTC towers collapse: A new theory.” Fire Saf. J., 38(6), 501–533.
Venugopalan, T., Sun, T., and Grattan, K. T. V. (2010). “Temperature characterization of long period gratings written in three different types of optical fibre for potential high temperature measurements.” Sens. Actuators. A: Phys., 160(1–2), 29–34.
Zhang, B., and Kahrizi, M. (2007). “High-temperature resistance fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor fabrication.” IEEE Sens. J., 7(4), 586–591.
Zhang, C., Gross, J., and McAllister, T. (2013). “Lateral torsional buckling of steel W-beams to localized fires.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 88, 330–338.
Zhang, C., Li, G., and Wang, Y. (2012). “Sensitivity study on using different formulae for calculating the temperature of insulated steel members in natural fires.” Fire Technol., 48(2), 343–366.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 10, 2015
Accepted: May 31, 2016
Published online: Jul 25, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 25, 2016
Published in print: Jan 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.