Analytical Study of Moment-Resisting Frames Retrofitted with Shear Slotted Bolted Connection
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 11
Abstract
Slotted bolted connection (SBC) and rotational slotted bolted connection (RSBC) are two types of friction dampers that have been developed and studied over the years. However, the applications of SBC and RSBC are limited mainly to members with axial- or flexural-dominated behavior. In this paper, a new type of friction damper, namely, shear slotted bolted connection (SSBC), is proposed to extend the application of SBC in members with shear-dominated behavior. First, the details and applications of SSBC in various lateral load resisting systems are described. Finite-element models are then developed to investigate the behavior of SSBC in moment-resisting frames (MRFs). A nine-story prototype MRF is retrofitted by SSBC based on two proposed design philosophies and the performance of the structures is assessed using nonlinear static procedure (NSP). A practical optimization method is then utilized to improve the behavior of the frames. Finally, the effectiveness of SSBC in improving the performance of the optimized structures is verified through nonlinear dynamic procedure (NDP).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ABAQUS version 6.11 [Computer software]. SIMULIA, The Dassault SystèmesProvidence, RI.
Abrahamson, N. (1992). “Non-stationary spectral matching.” Seismol. Res. Lett., 63(1), 30.
Aiken, I. D., and Kelly, J. M. (1990). “Earthquake simulator testing and analytical studies of two energy- absorbing systems for multistory structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). (2010). “Specification for structural steel buildings.” 360-10, Chicago.
ASCE. (2007). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.” 41-06, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” 7-10, Reston, VA.
ATC (Applied Technology Council). (2005). “Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures.” Rep. No. FEMA-440, Washington, DC.
Bruneau, M., Uang, C. M., and Sabelli, R. (2011). Ductile design of steel structures, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Butterworth, J., and Clifton, C. G. (2000). “Performance of hierarchical friction dissipating joints in moment resisting steel frames.” Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Christopoulos, C., Filiatrault, A., Uang, C.-M., and Folz, B. (2002). “Posttensioned energy dissipating connections for moment-resisting steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 1111–1120.
Clark, P., Frank, K., Krawinkler, H., and Shaw, R. (1997). “Protocol for fabrication, inspection, testing, and documentation of beam-column connection tests and other experimental specimens.”, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA.
Clifton, G. (1996). “Development of perimeter moment-resisting steel frames incorporating semi-rigid elastic joints.” Proc., New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, 177–184.
Clifton, G., MacRae, G., Mackinven, H., Pampanin, S., and Butterworth, J. (2007). “Sliding hinge joints and subassemblies for steel moment frames.” Proc., New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Clifton, G. C., Butterworth, J., and Pantke, M. (2001). “Two new semi-rigid joints for moment-resisting steel frames.” Proc., NZSEE 2001 Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Constantinou, M., Reinhorn, A., Mokha, A., and Watson, R. (1991). “Displacement control device for base-isolated bridges.” Earthquake Spectra, 7(2), 179–200.
Constantinou, M. C., Soong, T. T., and Dargush, G. F. (1998). Passive energy dissipation systems for structural design and retrofit, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY.
Dargush, G., and Soong, T. (1995). “Behavior of metallic plate dampers in seismic passive energy dissipation systems.” Earthquake Spectra, 11(4), 545–568.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). (1995). “Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings.” 222 A, Washington, DC.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). (2000). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” 356, Washington, DC.
FitzGerald, T., Anagnos, T., Goodson, M., and Zsutty, T. (1989). “Slotted bolted connections in aseismic design for concentrically braced connections.” Earthquake Spectra, 5(2), 383–391.
Gledhill, S., Sidwell, G., and Bell, D. (2008). “The damage avoidance design of tall steel frame buildings—Fairlie Terrace Student Accommodation Project, Victoria University of Wellington.” Proc., New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering Annual Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Grigorian, C. E., and Popov, E. P. (1994). “Energy dissipation with slotted bolted connections.” 94/02, Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Grigorian, C. E., Yang, T. S., and Popov, E. P. (1993). “Slotted bolted connection energy dissipators.” Earthquake Spectra, 9(3), 491–504.
Gupta, A., and Krawinkler, H. (1999). “Seismic demands for the performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frame structures.” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Hancock, J., et al. (2006). “An improved method of matching response spectra of recorded earthquake ground motion using wavelets.” J. Earthquake Eng., 10(1), 67–89.
Ibrahim, Y. E., Marshall, J., and Charney, F. A. (2007). “A visco-plastic device for seismic protection of structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 63(11), 1515–1528.
Karami Mohammadi, R., El Naggar, M., and Moghaddam, H. (2004). “Optimum strength distribution for seismic resistant shear buildings.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 41(22), 6597–6612.
Kaufmann, E., Metrovich, B., and Pense, A. (2001). “Characterization of cyclic inelastic strain behavior on properties of A572 Gr. 50 and A913 Gr. 50 rolled sections.”, National Center for Engineering Research on Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA.
Khoo, H. H., Clifton, C., Butterworth, J., MacRae, G., and Ferguson, G. (2012). “Influence of steel shim hardness on the sliding hinge joint performance.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 72, 119–129.
Kim, H. J., and Christopoulos, C. (2008). “Friction damped posttensioned self-centering steel moment-resisting frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 1768–1779.
Kim, K., and Engelhardt, M. D. (1995). Development of analytical models for earthquake analysis of steel moment frames, Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX.
Krawinkler, H. (1978). “Shear in beam-column joints in seismic design of steel frames.” Eng. J., 15(3), 82–91.
Krawinkler, H., Bertero, V. V., and Popov, E. P. (1971). “Inelastic behavior of steel beam-to-column subassemblages.” 71/7, Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Lee, K. S., Sause, R., and Ricles, J. (2004). “Seismic design and evaluation of steel MRF retrofit with elastomeric dampers.” Int. J. Steel Struct, 4(4), 275–288.
MacRae, G., MacKinven, H., Clifton, G., Pampanin, S., Walpole, W., and Butterworth, J. (2007). “Tests of sliding hinge joints for steel moment frames.” Proc., Pacific Structural Steel Conf.
MacRae, G. A., Clifton, G. C., Mackinven, H., Mago, N., Butterworth, J., and Pampanin, S. (2010). “The sliding hinge joint moment connection.” Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthquake Eng., 43(3), 202–212.
Mansour, N., Christopoulos, C., and Tremblay, R. (2011). “Experimental validation of replaceable shear links for eccentrically braced steel frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 1141–1152.
Moghaddam, H., and Hajirasouliha, I. (2004). “A new approach for optimum design of structures under dynamic excitation.” Asian J. Civ. Eng., 5(1), 69–84.
Moghaddam, H., and Hajirasouliha, I. (2008). “Optimum strength distribution for seismic design of tall buildings.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 17(2), 331–349.
Monir, H. S., and Zeynali, K. (2013). “A modified friction damper for diagonal bracing of structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 87, 17–30.
Nassar, A. A., and Krawinkler, H. (1991). Seismic demands for SDOF and MDOF systems, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Nikoukalam, M. T. (2013). “Introduction and development of shear slotted bolted connection.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Pall, A. S., and Marsh, C. (1982). “Response of friction damped braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 108(9), 1313–1323.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). (2013). The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center ground motion database, Berkeley, CA.
PERFORM-3D version 5 [Computer software]. Computer and Structures, Berkeley, CA.
Rojas, P., and Ricles, J. M. (2005). “Use of post-tensioned friction damped connections for seismic retrofit of steel moment resisting frames.” Int. J. Steel Struct., 5(3), 265–276.
Seismosoft [Computer software]. Seismosoft, Italy.
Shen, Y., Christopoulos, C., Mansour, N., and Tremblay, R. (2010). “Seismic design and performance of steel moment-resisting frames with nonlinear replaceable links.” J. Struct. Eng., 1107–1117.
Soong, T., and Dargush, G. (1997). Passive energy dissipation systems in structural engineering, Wiley, New York.
Soong, T., and Spencer, B., Jr. (2002). “Supplemental energy dissipation: state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice.” Eng. Struct., 24(3), 243–259.
Symans, M., et al. (2008). “Energy dissipation systems for seismic applications: Current practice and recent developments.” J. Struct. Eng., 3–21.
Symans, M. D., and Constantinou, M. C. (1999). “Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct., 21(6), 469–487.
UBC (Uniform Building Code). (1994). “Structural engineering design provisions.” Vol. 2, Int. Conf. of Building Officials.
Yang, T. S., and Popov, E. P. (1995). “Experimental and analytical studies of steel connections and energy dissipators.” 95/13, Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 11 • November 2015
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 2, 2014
Accepted: Dec 9, 2014
Published online: Feb 10, 2015
Discussion open until: Jul 10, 2015
Published in print: Nov 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.