Seismic Safety Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Walls through FEMA P695 Methodology
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 10
Abstract
Quantification of building system performance and response parameters such as response modification coefficient (), system overstrength factor , and deflection amplification factor () is of great importance to reliably assess the performance of RC walls. Values of these parameters used in current design are mainly based on judgment and qualitative comparisons of the known response capabilities of relatively few lateral-force resisting systems in use. In order to assess the validity of these parameters, 20 special and 20 ordinary RC walls (archetypes), with varying seismic design conditons and physical parameters, were designed and modeled in a software framework. Static pushover and incremental dynamic analyses using 44 ground motions were conducted on each archetype using standard methodology, and the obtained adjusted collapse margin ratios are compared to established limits. Results indicate that the parameters of the archetypes designed based on current code provisions are within reasonable limits with the exception of archetypes having height-to-length aspect ratios of 3 or greater, where the use of a larger value is suggested.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper was sponsored by the Building and Fire Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under contract number SB134107CQ0019, Task Orders 67344 and 68002. The authors would like to thank other Project Management Committee members (Charles Kircher, Gregory Deierlein, John Hooper, Helmut Krawinkler, Steve Mahin, Benson Shing), FEMA representatives (Michael Mahoney and Robert D. Hanson), and other Technical Working Group members (Chui-Hsin Chen, Ioannis Koutromanos, Dimitrios Lignos, and Farzin Zareian) for the valuable input on the study and comments on the NIST GRC-10-917-8 Technical report. The statements and conclusions contained in this paper are those of the authors and do not imply recommendations or endorsements by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or other individuals acknowledged here.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2008). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
ASCE. (2005). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2007). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings (including supplement #1).”, Reston, VA.
ASCE/SEI (Structural Engineering Institute). (2010). “Mimimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-10, Reston, VA.
Baker, J. W., and Cornell, C. A. (2006). “Spectral shape, epsilon and record selection.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35, 1077–1095.
Bournonville, M., Dahnke, J., and Darwin, D. (2004). “Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties and weight of reinforcing bars.”, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
Brueggen, B. L., and French, C. W. (2010). “Simplified modeling of non-rectangular RC structural walls.” Proc., Paper 1713, 9th U.S. National Conf. and 10th Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, ON, Canada.
Ellingwood, B., Galambos, T. V., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C.A. (1980). “Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58.”, Washington, DC.
Elwood, J., and Moehle, J. P. (2003). “Shake table tests and analytical studies on the gravity collapse of reinforced concrete frames.”, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
FEMA. (2004). “Improvement of inelastic seismic analysis procedures.”, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2009). “Quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Washington, DC.
Gogus, A. (2010). “Structural wall systems–Nonlinear modeling and collapse assessment of shear walls and slab-column frames.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Los Angeles.
Haselton, C. B. (2006). “Assessing seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced concrete frame buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Hidalgo, P. A., Ledezma, C. A., and Jordan, R. M. (2002). “Seismic behavior of squat reinforced concrete shear walls.” Earthq. Spec., 18(2), 287–308.
Ibarra, L. F., and Krawinkler, H. (2005). “Global collapse of frame structures under seismic excitations.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Lehman, D. E., and Lowes, L. N. (2011). “Personal communication about laboratory test results for NEESR project seismic behavior, analysis, and design of complex wall systems.” 〈http://www.nees.org/warehouse/project/104〉 (Nov. 13, 2014).
Massone, L. M. (2006). “RC wall shear-flexure interaction: Analytical and experimental responses.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles.
Massone, L. M., Orakcal, K., and Wallace, J. W. (2009). “Modeling of squat structural walls controlled by shear.” ACI Struct. J., 106(5), 646–655.
Mirza, S. A., and MacGregor, J. G. (1979). “Variability of mechanical properties of reinforcing bars.” J. Struct. Eng., 105(5), 921–937.
Mulas, M. G., Coronelli, D., and Martinelli, L. (2007). “Multi-scale modeling approach for the pushover analysis of existing RC shear walls—Part 2: Experimental verification.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36(9), 1189–1207.
Nagae, T., et al. (2011). “Design and instrumentation of the 2010 E-Defense four-story reinforced concrete and post-tensioned concrete buildings.”, Vol. 25, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
Naish, D., Fry, A., Klemencic, R., and Wallace, J. (2013). “Reinforced concrete coupling beams—Part II: Modeling.” ACI Struct. J., 110(6), 1067–1076.
NIST. (2010). “Evaluation of the FEMA P695 methodology for quantification of building seismic performance factors.”, Gaithersburg, MD.
Orakcal, K., Massone, L. M., and Wallace, J. W. (2009). “Shear strength of lightly reinforced wall piers and spandrels.” ACI Struct. J., 106(4), 455–465.
Orakcal, K., and Wallace, J. W. (2006). “Fexural modeling of reinforced concrete walls—Experimental verification.” Struct. J., 103(2), 196–206.
Panagiotou, M., and Restrepo, J. I. (2007). “Lessons learnt from the UCSD full-scale shake table testing of a 7-story residential building slice.” Proc., 76th Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), Squaw Valley, CA, 57–74.
Pantazopoulou, S. J. (1998). “Detailing for reinforcement stability in RC members.” J. Struct. Eng., 623–632.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research) Center. (2005). “Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center: PEER strong motion database.” 〈http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/〉 (Sep. 15, 2005).
Razvi, S. R., and Saatcioglu, M. (1999). “Circular high-strength concrete columns under concentric compression.” ACI Struct. J., 96(5), 817–825.
Rodriguez, M. E., Botero, J. C., and Villa, J. (1999). “Cyclic stress-strain behavior of reinforcing steel including effect of buckling.” J. Struct. Eng., 605–612.
Saatcioglu, M., and Alsiwat, J. (1996). “Significance of anchorage slip on dynamic inelastic response of R/C frame structures.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Elsevier.
Saatcioglu, M., and Razvi, S. R. (1992). “Strength and ductility of confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 1590–1607.
Salonikios, T. N., Kappos, A. J., Tegos, I. A., and Penelis, G. G. (1999). “Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness reinforced concrete walls: Design basis and test results.” ACI Struct. J., 96(4), 649–660.
Salonikios, T. N., Kappos, A. J., Tegos, I. A., and Penelis, G. G. (2000). “Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness RC walls: Failure modes, strength and deformation analysis, and design implications.” ACI Struct. J., 97(1), 132–141.
Thomsen, J. H., and Wallace, J. W. (1995). “Displacement-based design of reinforced concrete structural walls: An experimental investigation of walls with rectangular and T-shaped cross sections.”, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clarkson Univ., Potsdam, NY.
Thomsen, J. H., and Wallace, J. W. (2004). “Displacement-based design of slender reinforced concrete structural walls–Experimental verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 618–630.
Tran, T. A., and Wallace, J. W. (2012). “Experimental study of nonlinear flexural and shear deformations of reinforced concrete structural walls.” Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, A. (2002). “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 491–514.
Veletsos, A. S., and Newmark, N. M. (1960). “Effects of inelastic behavior on the response of simple system to earthquake motions.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 2, Tokyo, 895–912.
Wallace, J. W. (1996). “Evaluation of UBC-94 provision for seismic design of RC structural walls.” Earthq. Spec., 12(2), 327–348.
Wallace, J. W. (2007). “Modeling issues for tall reinforced concrete core wall buildings.” The structural design of tall and special buildings, Vol. 16, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 615–632.
Wallace, J. W., Elwood, K. J., and Massone, L. M. (2008). “An axial load capacity model for shear critical RC wall piers.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(9), 1548–1557.
Waugh, J. D., and Sritharan, S. (2010). “Nonlinear analysis of T-shaped concrete walls subjected to multi-directional loading.” Proc., 9th US National & 10th Canadian Conf., Toronto.
Wood, S. L. (1990). “Shear strength of low-rise reinforced concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J., 87(1), 99–107.
Wood, S. L. (1991). “Observed behavior of slender RC walls subjected to cyclic loadings.” Inelastic response and design of earthquake-resistant concrete structures, special publication (SP)-127, S. K. Ghosh, ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 453–478.
Yassin, M. H. (1994). “Nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete structures under monotonic and cyclic loads.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Zareian, F. (2006). “Simplified performance based earthquake engineering.” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Zareian, F., Krawinkler, H., and Ibarra, L. (2006). “Why and how to predict the probability of collapse of buildings.” Earthquake Engineering Research Institue (EERI) 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conf., San Francisco.
Zong, Z., and Kunnath, S. (2008). “Buckling of reinforcing bars in concrete structures under seismic loads.” Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 10 • October 2015
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 16, 2013
Accepted: Nov 6, 2014
Published online: Jan 6, 2015
Discussion open until: Jun 6, 2015
Published in print: Oct 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.