Simulated Bilinear-Elastic Behavior in a SDOF Elastic Structure Using Negative Stiffness Device: Experimental and Analytical Study
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 2
Abstract
The acceleration and base shear of structures during strong ground motion can be attenuated by achieving bilinear-elastic behavior without any permanent displacement—also referred to as “apparent weakening.” The negative stiffness device (NSD), used in this study, exhibits nonlinear-elastic negative stiffness behavior; by adding NSD to the elastic structure, the resulting structure-device assembly behaves like a bilinear-elastic structure. Peak acceleration and base shear experienced by the structures can be reduced by adding the negative stiffness device, and the additional deformations caused by the reduced stiffness can be contained by adding a viscous damper. This paper presents the experimental study on a three-story fixed-base structure (3SFS), acting as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system (because of bracing in the top two stories), that demonstrates the concept of apparent weakening in elastic structural systems. Two NSDs and a viscous damper are installed in the first story of 3SFS. To accentuate the advantages of incorporating NSD in structures, responses of four different systems—3SFS, 3SFS with damper, 3SFS with NSD, and 3SFS with NSD and damper—are compared for a suite of ground motions. The behavior of all the three systems is also predicted analytically, and the predicted results are in excellent agreement with the experiments. Shake-table tests on 3SFS have confirmed that by adding the NSD and damper, acceleration and base shear of the structure are reduced by more than 30% and the displacement of the structure is reduced by more than 20%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding by National Science Foundation, Grant No. NSF- NEESR-CMMI-0830391, for this project with Dr. Joy Pauschke as program director is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Cimellaro, G. P., Lavan, O., and Reinhorn, A. M. (2009). “Design of passive systems for control of inelastic structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(6), 783–804.
Constantinou, M. C., and Symans, M. D. (1993). “Experimental study of seismic response of buildings with supplemental fluid dampers.” Struct. Des. Tall Build., 2(2), 93–132.
Fenz, D. M., and Constantinou, M. C. (2008). “Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Theory.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(2), 163–183.
Gluck, N., Reinhorn, A. M., Gluck, J., and Levy, R. (1996). “Design of supplemental dampers for control of structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 1394–1399.
Iemura, H., Igarashi, A., Pradono, M. H., and Kalantari, A. (2006a). “Experimental verification and numerical studies of an autonomous semi-active seismic control strategy.” J. Struct. Control Health Monit., 13(1), 303–323.
Iemura, H., Igarashi, A., Pradono, M. H., and Kalantari, A. (2006b). “Negative stiffness friction damping for seismically isolated structures.” J. Struct. Control Health Monit., 13(2–3), 775–791.
Iemura, H., and Pradono, M. H. (2003). “Application of pseudo negative stiffness control to the benchmark cable-stayed bridges.” J. Struct. Control, 10(3–4), 187–203.
Kusumastuti, D. K., Reinhorn, A. M., and Rutenberg, A. (2005). “A versatile experimentation model for study of structures near collapse applied to seismic evaluation of irregular structures.” Rep. MCEER-05-0002, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Li, C., and Reinhorn, A. M. (1995). “Experimental and analytical investigation of seismic retrofit of structures with supplemental damping: Part II—Friction damping devices.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Nagarajaiah, S. (2009). “Adaptive passive, semiactive, smart tuned mass dampers: Identification and control using empirical mode decomposition, Hilbert transform, and short-term Fourier transform.” Struct. Control Health Monit., 16(7–8), 800–841.
Nagarajaiah, S., and Narasimhan, S. (2006). “Smart base-isolated benchmark building. Part II: Phase I sample controllers for linear isolation systems.” Struct. Control Health Monit., 13(2–3), 589–604.
Nagarajaiah, S., Reinhorn, A. M., and Constantinou, M. C. (1991). “Nonlinear dynamic analysis of 3D base-isolated structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 2035–2054.
Nagarajaiah, S., Reinhorn, A. M., Constantinou, M. C., Taylor, D., Pasala, D. T. R., and Sarlis, A. A. S. (2010). “True adaptive negative stiffness: A new structural modification approach for seismic protection.” Proc., 5th World Conf. on Structural Control and Monitoring, IASCM, University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
Nagarajaiah, S., and Sahasrabudhe, S. (2006). “Seismic response control of smart sliding isolated buildings using variable stiffness systems: An experimental and numerical study.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(2), 177–197.
Pasala, D. T. R. (2012). “Seismic response control of structures using novel adaptive passive and semi-active variable stiffness and negative stiffness devices.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice Univ., Houston.
Pasala, D. T. R., Sarlis, A. A., Nagarajaiah, S., Reinhorn, A. M., Constantinou, M. C., and Taylor, D. (2013a). “Adaptive negative stiffness: A new structural modification approach for seismic protection.” J. Struct. Eng., 1112–1123.
Pasala, D. T. R., Sarlis, A. A., Reinhorn, A. M., Nagarajaiah, S., Constantinou, M. C., and Taylor, D. (2013b). “Apparent-weakening in SDOF yielding structure using negative stiffness device: Experimental and analytical study.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Reinhorn, A. M., Lavan, O., and Cimellaro, G. P. (2009). “Design of controlled elastic and inelastic structures.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib., 8(4), 469–479.
Reinhorn, A. M., and Li, C. (1995). “Experimental and analytical investigation of seismic retrofit of structures with supplemental damping: Part III—Viscous walls.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Reinhorn, A. M., Li, C., and Constantinou, M. C. (1995). “Experimental and analytical investigation of seismic retrofit of structures with supplemental damping: Part I—Fluid viscous damping devices.”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Reinhorn, A. M., Viti, S., and Cimellaro, G. P. (2005). “Retrofit of structures: Strength reduction with damping enhancement.” Proc., 37th UJNR Panel Meeting on Wind and Seismic Effects, PWRI, Tsukuba-shi, Japan, 16–21.
Reinhorn, A. M., Viti, S., and Whittaker, A. S. (2002). “Retrofit of structures: Strength reduction with damping enhancement.” Proc., KEERC-MCEER Joint Seminar on Contributions to Earthquake Engineering, Multi-disciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, New York.
Sarlis, A. A. (2012). “Adaptive seismic protection systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Sarlis, A. A., Pasala, D. T. R., Constantinou, M. C., Reinhorn, A. M., Nagarajaiah, S., and Taylor, D. (2013). “Negative stiffness device for seismic protection of structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 1124–1133.
Sivaselvan, M. V., and Reinhorn, A. M. (2000). “Hysteretic models for deteriorating inelastic structures.” J. Eng. Mech., 633–640.
Spencer, B. F., and Nagarajaiah, S. (2003). “State of the art of structural control.” J. Struct. Eng., 845–856.
Viti, S., Cimellaro, G. P., and Reinhorn, A. M. (2006). “Retrofit of a hospital through strength reduction and enhanced damping.” Smart Struct. Sys., 2(4), 339–355.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 2 • February 2014
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 18, 2012
Accepted: Feb 21, 2013
Published online: Feb 23, 2013
Published in print: Feb 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.