DoD Research and Criteria for the Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 137, Issue 9
Abstract
The collapse of conventional/nonhardened structures was a concern of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for years before the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 (9-11), owing to the bombings of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, the U.S. embassies in Africa, and the U.S. Marine barracks in Lebanon. Since 9-11, motivated by the lack of any meaningful U.S. progressive collapse design requirements, DoD has worked with the civilian community on a number of significant efforts to improve the design of buildings to resist disproportionate collapse. The DoD efforts have included laboratory and field experiments, numerical simulations, and development of design requirements. Synergy and coordination with the civilian community resulted in combined programs with the General Services Administration, guidance and feedback provided by the ASCE Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) Committee on Disproportionate Collapse Standards and Guidance (DCSG) and its members, and adoption of some European civilian approaches to progressive collapse design. A significant result of the DoD effort was the creation of Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-023-03, Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse. The approaches employed in UFC 4-023-03 are currently being evaluated and modified for civilian applications by the SEI DCSG committee. The development and underlying approaches used in UFC 4-023-03 are briefly summarized in this paper, as are the previous DoD laboratory and field tests and numerical simulations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (1982). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ANSI A58.1, Washington, DC.
ASCE. (2006a). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI 7-05, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2006b). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.” ASCE/SEI 41-06, Reston, VA.
Biggs, J. M. (1964). Introduction to structural dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Breen, J. E., and Siess, C. E. (1979). “Progressive collapse—Symp. summary.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 76(9), 997–1004.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (1993). “Code of practice for use of masonry, Part 1: Structural use of unreinforced masonry.” BS 5628-1:1992, London.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (1997). “Structural use of concrete. Part 1—Code of practice for design and construction,” 2nd Ed. BS 8110-1:1997, London.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (2001). “Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 1—Code of practice for design—Rolled and welded sections.” BS 5950-1:2000, London.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (2006). “Actions on structures—Part 1-7: General actions—Accidental actions.” BS EN 1991-1-7, London.
Dept. of Defense (DoD). (2001). Interim Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction Standards—Progressive Collapse Design Guidance, Washington, DC.
Dept. of Defense (DoD). (2002). “Minimum antiterrorism standards for buildings.” UFC 4-010-01, Washington, DC.
Dept. of Defense (DoD). (2005a). “Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse.” UFC 4-023-03, Washington, DC.
Dept. of Defense (DoD). (2005b). “Structural load data.” UFC 3-310-01, Washington, DC.
Dept. of Defense (DoD). (2009). “Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse.” UFC 4-023-03, Washington, DC.
Dusenberry, D. O., and Juneja, G. (2002). “Review of existing guidelines and provisions related to progressive collapse.” Workshop for Prevention of Progressive Collapse, Multihazard Mitigation Council of the National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC.
Ellingwood, B. R., and Leyendecker, E. V. (1977). Design Methods for Reducing the Risk of Progressive Collapse in Buildings, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
Foley, C. M., Schneeman, C., and Barnes, K. (2008). “Quantifying and enhancing the robustness in steel structures: Part 1—Moment-resisting frames.” Eng. J., 45(4), 247–266.
General Services Administration (GSA). (2000). Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, Washington, DC.
General Services Administration (GSA). (2003). Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, Washington, DC.
Hansen, E., Tennant, D., Smilowitz, R., and Weeks, J. (2006). “Numerical investigation of the vulnerability of flat slab reinforced concrete structures to airblast.” Proc., 77th Shock and Vibration Symposium, Shock and Vibration Analysis Center.
Int. Code Council (ICC). (2009). Int. Building Code, Washington, DC.
Kaewkulchai, G., and Williamson, E. (2004). “Beam element formulation and solution procedure for dynamic progressive collapse analysis.” Comput. Struct., 82(7–8), 639–651.
Khandelwal, A. (2007). “Linear and nonlinear equivalency factors for progressive collapse analysis.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Marchand, K. A., McKay, A. E., and Stevens, D. J. (2009). “Development and application of linear and non-linear static approaches in UFC 4-023-03.” Proc., 2009 Structures Congress, ASCE, Austin, TX.
Marchand, K. A., and Stevens, D. J. (2008). “A proposed enhanced local resistance procedure for perimeter columns and load-bearing walls.” PEC Project Rep., San Antonio.
McKay, A. E., Marchand, K. A., Williamson, E. B., Crowder, B. R., and Stevens, D. J. (2007). “Dynamic and nonlinear load increase factors for collapse design and analysis.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures (ISIEMS) 12.1, Orlando, FL.
Puryear, J. M., Marchand, K. A., Stevens, D. J., and Sunshine, D. A. (2010). “Performance of blast-damaged steel connections in progressive collapse.” Proc., 21st Symp. on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock (MABS21), Military Aspects of Blast and Shock, Jerusalem.
Ruth, P., Marchand, K. A., and Williamson, E. B. (2006). “Static equivalency in progressive collapse alternate path analysis: reducing conservatism while retaining structural integrity.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 20(4), 349–364.
Smilowitz, R. (2002). “Analytical tools for progressive collapse analysis.” Workshop for prevention of progressive collapse, Multihazard Mitigation Council of the National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC.
Stevens, D. J. (2008). “Assessment and proposed approach for tie forces in framed and load-bearing wall structures.” PEC Project Rep., San Antonio.
Stevens, D. J., Marchand, K. A., and McKay, A. E. (2009). “Revision of the tie force and alternate path approaches in the DoD progressive collapse design requirements.” Proc., 2009 Structures Congress, ASCE, Austin, TX.
Sunshine, D., Kersul, A., and Sheffield, C. (2007). “Progressive collapse resistance of a wood stud structure to blast loads.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures (ISIEMS) 12.1, Orlando, FL.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 137 • Issue 9 • September 2011
Pages: 870 - 880
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 2, 2010
Accepted: May 5, 2011
Published online: Aug 15, 2011
Published in print: Sep 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.