Excessive Long-Time Deflections of Prestressed Box Girders. II: Numerical Analysis and Lessons Learned
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 6
Abstract
As a sequel to Part I, which clarified the causes of the unexpectedly large deflections of the Koror-Babeldaob Bridge in the Pacific island nation of Palau, Part II presents the numerical procedure and reviews the lessons learned. The box girder represents a thick shell that is discretized by eight-node, three-dimensional (3D) finite elements. Except for corrections due to cracking, concrete creep is assumed to follow aging linear viscoelasticity and is modeled by a rate-type law based on the Kelvin chain, the properties of which are adjusted for humidity conditions and temperature. In each time step and at each integration point, Widder’s formula is used to convert the aging compliance function to a continuous retardation spectrum for the current age of concrete, and discretization of the spectrum yields the current elastic moduli of the Kelvin units. The shrinkage strains depend on the environmental humidity and the thickness of each plate in the cross section. The computations proceed according to Bažant’s exponential algorithm, which is unconditionally stable and reduces the problem to a sequence of elasticity problems with an orthotropic effective stiffness of material and nonisotropic inelastic strains, different for each integration point in each time step. These problems are solved by commercial software ABAQUS. The segmental construction sequence is also modeled. The computer results reported in Part I explain the excessive deflections and compare the performance of various material models for creep and shrinkage. Part II formulates the lessons learned and makes recommendations for implementation.
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Acknowledgments
Financial support from the U.S. Department of Transportation through Grant No. 0740-357-A222 from the Infrastructure Technology Institute of Northwestern University is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to Khaled Shawwaf of Dywidag Systems International USA, Bolingbrook, Illinois, for providing valuable information on the analysis, design, and investigations of the Koror-Babeldaob Bridge; to Man-Chung Tang and Mirek Olmer of T.Y. Lin International, San Francisco; to Brian McDonald of Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, California; and Raymond Zelinski, Caltrans, for some additional valuable comments; and to Yasumitsu Watanabe of Shimizu Co., Tokyo, and Lukáš Vráblík of CTU Prague for graciously providing the data on four Japanese bridges and on the Děčín Bridge.
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Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 6 • June 2012
Pages: 687 - 696
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Feb 1, 2010
Accepted: Dec 27, 2010
Published online: May 15, 2012
Published in print: Jun 1, 2012
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