Abstract

Hybrid coupled walls (HCWs) are comprised of two or more reinforced concrete wall piers connected with steel coupling beams distributed over the height of the structure. Extensive research over the past several decades suggests that such systems are particularly well suited for use in regions of moderate to high seismic risk. This paper reviews the state of the art in seismic modeling, analysis, and design of HCW systems. Design methodologies are presented in both prescriptive and performance-based design formats and a discussion of alterative types of hybrid wall systems is provided.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

Funding for this effort was provided by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The writers recognize the additional members of the ASCE Task Group that prepared the original report to the sponsor: Dr. Mohammad Hassan and Dr. Xiangdong Tong. The opinions in this paper are those of the writers and do not necessarily represent the views of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

References

ACI. (2008). “Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary.” ACI 318-08/ACI 318R-08, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
AISC. (2005). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago.
Aktan, A. E., and Bertero, V. V. (1984). “Conceptual seismic design of frame-wall structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 110(11), 2778–2797.
ASCE. (2005). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” SEI/ASCE 7-05, Reston, Va.
Bolander, J., and Wight, J. K. (1991). “Finite element modeling of shear wall-dominant buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(6), 1719–1739.
BSSC. (1994). NEHRP recommended provisions for the development of seismic regulations for new buildings. Part I: Provisions, Part II: Commentary, FEMA 222A and 222B, FEMA, Washington, D.C.
BSSC. (1997). NEHRP Recommended provisions for the development of seismic regulations for new buildings. Part I: Provisions, Part II: Commentary, FEMA 302 and 303, FEMA, Washington, D.C.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). (2004). “Design of concrete structures.” CSA A23.3-04, Rexdale, Ont.
Chao, S. -H., Khandelwal, K., and El-Tawil, S. (2006). “Ductile fracture initiation in shear link webs.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(8), 1192–1200.
Charney, F. A. (1991). “Correlation of the analytical and experimental inelastic response of a 1/5-scale seven story RC frame-wall structures.” ACI Special Publication 127, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
Cheng, F. Y., Mertz, G. E., Sheu, M. S., and Ger, J. F. (1993). “Computed versus observed inelastic seismic low-rise RC shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(11), 3255–3275.
Chesi, C., and Schnobirch, W. C. (1991). “Three-dimensional effects in lateral behavior of frame-wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(2), 391–409.
Chitty, L. (1947). “On the cantilever composed of a number of parallel beams interconnected by cross bars.” Philos. Mag., 83, 685–699.
Colotti, V. (1993). “Shear behavior of RC structural walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(3), 728–746.
Deason J. D., Tunc, G., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2001). “Seismic design of connections between steel outrigger beams and reinforced concrete walls.” Steel Compos. Struct., 1(3), 329–340.
El-Tawil, S., et al. (2009). Recommendations for seismic design of hybrid coupled walls, Reston, Va.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G. (2001a). “Nonlinear analyses of mixed steel-concrete moment frames. Part I—Beam-column element formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 647–655.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G. (2001b). “Nonlinear analyses of mixed steel-concrete moment frames. Part II—Implementation and verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 656–665.
El-Tawil, S., and Kuenzli, C. M. (2002). “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. Part II: Analysis and behavior.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(10), 1282–1289.
El-Tawil, S., Kuenzli, C. M., and Hassan, M. (2002). “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. Part I: Design and modeling.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(10), 1272–1281.
FEMA. (1997). “NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” Applied Technology Council, FEMA-273, Redwood City, Calif.
FEMA. (2000a). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” 2000 Building Seismic Safety Council, FEMA-356, Washington, D.C.
FEMA. (2000b). “Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment-frame buildings.” 2000 Building Seismic Safety Council, FEMA-350, Washington, D.C.
FEMA. (2003). NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures. Part 1—Provisions, Building Seismic Safety Council, FEMA-450, Washington, D.C.
Fortney, P. J., Harries, K. A., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2008). “Design compression forces for coupled wall structures.” Proc., ASCE Structures 08 Congress, ASCE, Reston, Va.
Fortney, P. J., Noe, S., Rassati, G. A., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2006). “A steel-concrete composite solution for practical design of coupling beams.” STESSA 2006: Behavior of steel structures in seismic areas, F. M. Mazzolani and A. Wada, eds., Taylor & Francis, London, 605–610.
Fortney, P. J., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2009). “Boundary detailing of coupled core wall system wall piers.” J. Adv. Struct. Eng., 12(3), 299–310.
Fortney, P. J., Shahrooz, B. M., and Rassati, G. A. (2007a). “Large scale testing of a replaceable ‘fuse’ steel coupling beam.” J. Struct. Eng., 133(12), 1801–1807.
Fortney, P. J., Shahrooz, B. M., and Rassati, G. A. (2007b). “Seismic performance evaluation of coupled core walls with concrete and steel coupling beams.” Steel Compos. Struct., 7(4), 279–301.
Gong, B., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2001a). “Steel-concrete composite coupling beams—Behavior and design.” Eng. Struct., 23(11), 1480–1490.
Gong, B., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2001b). “Concrete-steel composite coupling beams—Part I: Component testing.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 625–631.
Gong, B., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2001c). “Concrete-steel composite coupling beams—Part II: Subassembly testing and design verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 632–637.
Gong, B., Shahrooz, B. M., and Gillum, A. J. (1998). “Cyclic response of composite coupling beams.” Hybrid and composite structures, ACI Special Publication 174, Farmington Hills, Mich., 89–112.
Hajjar, J. F., and Gourley, B. C. (1997). “A cyclic nonlinear model for concrete-filled tubes. I: Formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 123(6), 736–744.
Harries, K. A. (2001). “Ductility and deformability of coupling beams in reinforced concrete coupled walls.” Earthquake Spectra, 17(3), 457–478.
Harries, K. A., Fortney, P. J., Shahrooz, B. M., and Brienen, P. (2005). “Design of practical diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beams—A critical review of ACI 318 requirements.” ACI Struct. J., 102(6), 876–882.
Harries, K. A., Gong, B., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2000). “Behavior and design of reinforced concrete, steel, and steel-concrete coupling beams.” Earthquake Spectra, 16(4), 775–799.
Harries, K. A., and McNeice, D. S. (2006). “Performance-based design of high-rise coupled wall systems.” The Structural Design of Tall and Special Structures, 15(3), 289–306.
Harries, K. A., Mitchell, D., Cook, W. D., and Redwood, R. G. (1993). “Seismic response of steel beams coupling concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(12), 3611–3629.
Harries, K. A., Mitchell, D., Redwood, R. G., and Cook, W. D. (1997). “Seismic design of coupling beams—A case for mixed construction.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 24(3), 448–459.
Harries, K. A., Mitchell, D., Redwood, R. G., and Cook, W. D. (1998). “Nonlinear seismic response predictions of walls coupled with steel and concrete beams.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 25(5), 803–818.
Harries, K. A., Moulton, D., and Clemson, R. (2004a). “Parametric study of coupled wall behavior—Implications for the design of coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(3), 480–488.
Harries, K. A., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2005). “Hybrid coupled wall systems—State of the art.” Concr. Int., 27(5), 45–51.
Harries, K. A., Shahrooz, B. M., Brienen, P., and Fortney, P. J. (2004b). “Performance based design of coupled walls.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Composite Construction, ASCE, Reston, Va.
Hassan, M., and El-Tawil, S. (2003). “Tension flange effective width in flanged RC shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 100(3), 1–8.
Hassan, M., and El-Tawil, S. (2004). “Inelastic dynamic behavior of hybrid coupled walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 285–296.
Hilmy, S. I., and Abel, J. F. (1985). “A strain-hardening concentrated plasticity model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel buildings.” Numerical Methods in Engineering Theory and Applications, 1, 303–314.
Hull, D. H. and Harries, K. A. (2008). “On the applicability of fixed point theory to the behavior of coupled core walls.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn., 8(1), 161–186.
International Code Council (ICC). (2003). International building code, Falls Church, Va.
Kunnath, S. K., Reinhorn, A. M., and Lobo, R. F. (1992). “IDARC, version 3.0, inelastic damage analysis of RC structures.” Technical Rep. No. NCEER-92-0022, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Kurama, Y. (2002). “Hybrid post-tensioned precast concrete walls for use in seismic regions.” PCI J., 47(5), 36–59.
Kurama, Y., Sause, R., Pessiki, S., and Lu, L. W. (2002). “Seismic response evaluation of unbonded post-tensioned precast walls.” ACI Struct. J., 99(5), 641–651.
Kurama, Y., and Shen, Q. (2004). “Post-tensioned hybrid coupled walls under lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 297–309.
Kurama, Y., Weldon, B., and Shen, Q. (2006). “Experimental evaluation of post-tensioned hybrid coupled wall subassemblages.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(7), 1017–1029.
Lehmkuhl, E. (2002). “Renaissance—A composite coupled shear wall system.” Proc., 2002 SEAOC Convention, Structural Engineering Association of California, San Francisco, Ca.
Lim, A. K. W. (1989). “The nonlinear response of reinforced concrete coupling slabs with drop panels in earthquake resisting shear wall structures.” MS Thesis, McGill Univ., Que.
Marcakis, K., and Mitchell, D. (1980). “Precast concrete connections with embedded steel members.” PCI J., 25(4), 88–116.
Mattock, A. H., and Gaafar, G. H. (1982). “Strength of embedded steel sections as brackets.” ACI Struct. J., 79(2), 83–93.
New Zealand Standards Association (NZS). (1992). “Code of practice for general structural design and design loadings for buildings.” NZS 4203:1992, New Zealand.
New Zealand Standards Association (NZS). (1995). “Concrete structures standard.” NZS 3101:1995, New Zealand.
Otani, S. (1980). “Nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete building structures.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 7(2), 333–344.
Paulay, T., and Santhakumar, A. R. (1976). “Ductile behavior of coupled shear walls.” J. Struct. Div., 102(ST1), 93–108.
Popov, E. P., Engelhardt, M. D., and Ricles, J. M. (1989). “Eccentrically braced frames: U.S. practice.” Eng. J., 26(2), 66–80.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). (1999). PCI design handbook, 5th Ed., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institue, Chicago.
Qin, F. (1993). “Analysis of composite connection between reinforced concrete walls and steel coupling beams.” MS thesis, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
SEAOC. (1999). Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) blue book: Seismic design recommendations of the SEAOC seismology committee, SEAOC, Sacramento, Calif.
Shahrooz, B. M., Deason, J. T., and Tunc, G. (2004a). “Outrigger beam—Wall connections: Part I—Component testing and development of design model.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 253–261.
Shahrooz, B. M., Gong, B., Tunc, G., and Deason, J. D. (2001). “An overview of reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame hybrid structures.” Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 3(2), 149–158.
Shahrooz, B. M., Remetter, M. E., and Qin, F. (1993). “Seismic design and performance of composite coupled walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(11), 3291–3309.
Shahrooz, B. M., Remmetter, M. A., and Qin, F. (1992). “Seismic response of composite coupled walls.” Composite construction in steel and concrete II, ASCE, Reston, Va., 429–441.
Shahrooz, B. M., Tunc, G., and Deason, J. T. (2004b). “Outrigger beam—Wall connections: Part II—Subassembly testing and further modeling enhancements.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 262–270.
Shen, Q., and Kurama, Y. (2002). “Nonlinear behavior of posttensioned hybrid coupled wall subassemblages.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(10), 1290–1300.
Shen, Q., Kurama, Y., and Weldon, B. (2006a). “Seismic design and analytical modeling of post-tensioned hybrid coupled wall subassemblages.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(7), 1030–1040.
Shen, Q., Kurama, Y., and Weldon, B. (2006b). “Seismic analysis, behavior, and design of unbonded post-tensioned hybrid coupled wall structures.” Structural Engineering Research Rep. No. NDSE-06-02, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1995). “Influence of Web reinforcement on the cyclic response of structural walls.” ACI Struct. J., 92(6), 745–756.
Spacone, E., and El-Tawil, S. (2004). “State-of-the-art in nonlinear analysis of composite systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 159–168.
Takeda, T., Sozen, M. A., and Nielsen, N. (1970). “Reinforced concrete response to simulated earthquakes.” J. Struct. Eng., 96(12), 2557–2573.
Xuan, G., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2005). “Performance based design of a 15 story reinforced concrete coupled core wall structure.” Rep. No. UC-CII 05/03, Cincinnati Infrastructure Institute, Cincinnati.
Xuan, G., Shahrooz, B. M., Harries, K. A., and Rassati, G. A. (2008). “A performance-based design approach for coupled core wall systems with diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beams.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 11(3), 253–268.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 136Issue 7July 2010
Pages: 755 - 769

History

Received: Oct 19, 2009
Accepted: Jan 7, 2010
Published online: Jan 9, 2010
Published in print: Jul 2010

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Sherif El-Tawil, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
P.E.
Professor, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
Kent A. Harries, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
P.E.
Associate Professor, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail: [email protected]
Patrick J. Fortney, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Dayton, OH 45469. E-mail: [email protected]
Bahram M. Shahrooz, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221. E-mail: [email protected]
Yahya Kurama, Ph.D., M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share