State-of-the-Art Reviews
Apr 28, 2020

Seismic Retrofitting of Reinforced-Concrete Coupled Shear Walls: A Review

Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 25, Issue 3

Abstract

Coupled shear walls (CSWs) are structural systems connect two or more walls at the floor levels by reinforced concrete beams called coupling beams (CBs). These systems have good lateral stiffness and dissipation energy under lateral seismic loading. This paper introduces a comprehensive overview on the seismic behavior and state of the art regarding the conducted research as well as the codes provisions pertained to coupled shear walls systems. Many existing reinforced concrete buildings could suffer from some kinds of failure after strong earthquakes. Consequently, the most efficient and economic retrofitting system has to be figured out and implemented. Therefore, a broad overview on the adopted retrofitting techniques as well as upgrading systems for coupled shear walls is presented and compared. It was found that each retrofitting system came up with some advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the most efficient technique based on the required structural performance level as well as the total cost can be selected.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

References

ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Acceptance criteria for special un-bonded post-tensioned precast structural walls based on validation testing and commentary (ACI ITG-5.1-07), 19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary. ACI 318R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Agarwal, P., and M. Shrikhande. 2016. Earthquake resistant design of structures. Delhi, India: PHI Learning Private Limited.
Aksogan, O., H. M. Arslan, and B. S. Choo. 2003. “Forced vibration analysis of stiffened coupled shear walls using continuous connection method.” J. Eng. Struct. 25 (4): 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00192-X.
Aktan, A. E., and V. V. Bertero. 1987. “Evaluation of seismic response of RC building loaded to failure.” J. Struct. Div. 113 (ST 5): 1092–1108. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:5(1092).
Arabzadeh, H., and K. Galal. 2017. “Seismic collapse risk assessment and FRP retrofitting of RC coupled C-shaped core walls using the FEMA P695 methodology.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001820.
ASCE. 2006. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. ASCE/SEI 41-06. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASCE. 2017. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings (ASCE/SEI 41-17). Reston, VA: ASCE.
Ashrafi, H. R., and P. Beiranvand. 2016. “Numerical study of shear wall behavior coupled with HPFRCC beam and diagonal reinforcements.” Eng. Solid Mech. 4: 53–62. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2015.12.004.
ATC (Applied Technology College). 1996. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete building. ATC-40. Redwood City, CA: ATC.
Barbachyn, S. M., Y. C. Kurama, M. J. McGinnis, and R. Sause. 2016a. “Coupled shear wall with fully post-tensioned beams and unbonded reinforcing bars at toes.” ACI Struct. J. 113 (6): 1381–1392. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689252.
Barbachyn, S. M., Y. C. Kurama, M. J. McGinnis, and R. Sause. 2016b. “Testing and behavior of a coupled shear wall structure with partially post tensioned coupling beams.” ACI Struct. J. 112 (1): 111–124.
Binney, J. R. 1972. “Diagonally reinforced coupling beams.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury.
Building Seismic Safety Council. 1997. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings: FEMA publication 273, 435. Washington, DC: Building Seismic Safety Council.
Canbolat, B. A., G. J. Parra-Montesinos, and J. K. Wight. 2005. “Experimental study on seismic behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composite coupling beams.” ACI Struct. J. 102 (1): 159–166.
Capuani, D., M. Merli, and M. Savoia. 1994. “An equivalent continuum approach for coupled shear walls.” J. Eng. Struct. 16 (1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(94)90105-8.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Eurocode 8. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chan, H. C., and J. S. Kuang. 1989a. “Elastic design charts of stiffened coupled structural walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 115 (2): 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:2(247).
Chan, H. C., and J. S. Kuang. 1989b. “Stiffened coupled shear walls.” J. Eng. Mech. 115 (4): 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:4(689).
Chandra, M. S., and B. Sowmya. 2014. “Behaviour of coupled shear walls in multi-storey buildings.” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 3 (12): 624–627.
Cheng, B., R. L. Su, C. Shi, and C. T. Yang. 2016. “Laterally restrained steel plate with stiffeners for seismic retrofitting of concrete coupling beams.” Adv. Steel Constr. 12 (2): 194–210.
Cheng, M., R. Fikri, and C. Chen. 2015. “Experimental study of reinforced concrete and hybrid coupled shear wall systems.” Eng. Struct. 82 (Jan): 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.039.
Chinese Standard. 2016. Code of seismic design of buildings. GB 50011. Taiwan, China: National Standard of the People’s Republic of China.
Choo, B. S., and G. Q. Li. 1997. “Structural analysis of multi-stiffened coupled shear walls on flexible foundations.” Comput. Struct. 64 (1): 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(96)00419-1.
Coull, A., and L. Bensmail. 1991. “Stiffened, coupled shear walls.” J. Struct. Div. 117 (8): 2205–2223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:8(2205).
Coull, A., and C. K. Low. 1979. “Analysis of stiffened non-planar coupled shear walls.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 67 (4): 971–986.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 1984. Design of concrete structures for buildings with explanatory notes. CAN3-A23.3-M84. Rexdale, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). 2014. Design of concrete structures for buildings. CANA23.3. Rexdale, Canada: CSA.
Das, R., A. Zona, B. Vandoren, and H. Degée. 2017. “Performance-based seismic design of an innovative HCW system with shear links based on IDA.” Procedia Eng. 199: 3516–3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.500.
Doran, B. 2003. “Elastic-plastic analysis of R/C coupled shear walls: The equivalent stiffness ratio of the tie elements.” J. Indian Inst. Sci. 83 : 87–94.
El-Tawil, S., K. Harries, P. Fortney, B. Shahrooz, and Y. Kurama. 2010. “Seismic design of hybrid coupled wall systems: State of the art.” Struct. Eng. 136 (7): 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000186.
El-Tawil, S., and C. Kuenzli. 2002. “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. II: Analysis and behavior.” Struct. Div. 128 (10): 1282–1289. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:10(1282).
Emsen, E., C. D. Turkozer, O. Aksogan, R. Resatoglu, and M. Bikçe. 2009. “Non-planar coupled shear walls with stiffening beams.” Sci. Res. Essay 4 (4): 328–345.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) and ASCE. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, 519. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Fortney, P., G. Rassati, and B. Shahrooz. 2008. “Investigation on effect of transverse reinforcement on performance of diagonally reinforced coupling beams.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (6): 781–788.
Fortney, P. J., B. M. Shahrooz, and G. A. Rassati. 2007. “Large-scale testing of a replaceable ‘fuse’ steel coupling beam.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (12): 1801–1807. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1801).
Galano, L., and A. Vignoli. 2000. “Seismic behavior of short coupling beams with different reinforcement layouts.” ACI Struct. J. 97 (6): 876–885.
Gong, B., and B. M. Shahrooz. 2001a. “Concrete-steel composite coupling beams. II: Subassembly testing and design verification.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (6): 632–638. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:6(632).
Gong, B., and B. M. Shahrooz. 2001b. “Steel-concrete composite coupling beams- behavior and design.” Eng. Struct. 23 (11): 1480–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00042-6.
Gwon, S., M. Shin, B. Pimentel, and D. Lee. 2014. “Nonlinear modeling parameters of RC coupling beams in a coupled wall system.” Earthquakes Struct. 7 (5): 817–842. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.7.5.817.
Hajsadeghi, M., T. Zirakian, S. Pirgholizadeh, and A. Jahanshahi. 2014. “Assessment of structural performance of steel coupling beams with corrugated webs.” In Proc., 8th National Congress on Civil Engineering. Babol, Iran: Babol Noshirvani Univ. of Technology.
Hakimi, S., and R. Madandoust. 2018. “Numerical study on coupling beam retrofitted using CFRP and GFRP sheets.” Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 11 (3): 1125–1129. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2018.1125.1129.
Harries, K. 1995. “Seismic design and retrofit of coupled walls using structural steel.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGi11 Univ.
Harries, K. 2001. “Ductility and deformability of coupling beams in reinforced concrete coupled walls.” Earthquake Spectra 17 (3): 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586184.
Harries, K., B. Gong, and B. Shahrooz. 2000. “Behavior and design of reinforced concrete, steel, and steel-concrete coupling beams.” Earthquake Spectra 16 (4): 775–799. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586139.
Harries, K. A., and D. S. McNeice. 2006. “Performance-based design of high rise coupled wall system.” Struct. Div. Tall Spec. Build. 15 (3): 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.296.
Harries, K. A., D. Mitchell, W. D. Cook, and R. G. Redwood. 1992a. “Concrete walls coupled by ductile steel link beams.” In Proc., 10th Word Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 3205–3210. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Harries, K. A., D. Mitchell, W. D. Cook, and R. G. Redwood. 1992b. “Seismic response of steel beams coupling reinforced concrete walls.” Struct. Div. 119 (12): 3611–3629. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:12(3611).
Hernandez-Montes, E., and M. Aschheim. 2017. “An estimate of the yield displacement of coupled walls for seismic design.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (2): 275–284.
Hindi, R., and M. Hassan. 2007. “Simplified trilinear behavior of diagonally reinforced coupling beams.” ACI Struct. J. 104 (2): 199–206.
Honarparast, S., and O. Chaallal. 2015. “Seismic upgrading of RC coupled shear walls: State of the art and research needs.” Global J. Adv. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2 (12): 1–19.
Housing and Building Research Centre. 2018. Egyptian code for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures. ECP 203. Cairo, Egypt: Housing and Building Research Centre.
IS (Indian Standard). 2016. Ductile design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces. IS 13920. New Delhi, India: IS.
Ji, X., Y. Wang, Q. Ma, and O. Taichiro. 2017. “Cyclic behavior of replaceable steel coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (2): 04016169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001661.
Jian, Y., L. ShuTing, Z. XiaoJun, S. ChongFang, and G. ZhengXing. 2017. “Seismic behavior of precast concrete coupled shear walls with engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in the critical cast-in-place regions.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 60 (8): 1244–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-016-9052-2.
Jiang, H., and Y. Wang. 2016. “Analysis of coupled RC shear/core walls by macro model.” J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. 15 (3): 565–572. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.565.
Jiang, H. J., X. L. Lu, A. K. H. Kwan, and Y. K. Cheung. 2003. “Study on a seismic slit shear wall with cyclic experiment and macro-model analysis.” Struct. Eng. Mech. Int. J. 16 (4): 371–390. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2003.16.4.371.
Khalifa, E. S. 2014. “Analytical model for steel fiber concrete composite short-coupling beam.” Composites Part B 56 (Jan): 318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.050.
Kim, S., S. Jang, H. Yun, S. Seo, and Y. Chun. 2017. “Effect of aspect ratio and diagonal reinforcement on shear performance of concrete coupling beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars.” J. Korea Concr. Inst. 29 (1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2017.29.1.043.
Kim, Y., and S. Cho. 2013. “Performance based design of coupling beam considering probability distribution of flexural and shear strength.” J. Korea Concr. Inst. 25 (5): 509–516. https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2013.25.5.509.
Koo, K. K., and Y. K. Cheung. 1984. “The static analysis of multi-bay coupled shear walls.” Build. Environ. 19 (2): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(84)90034-9.
Kurama, Y., and Q. Shen. 2004. “Post-tensioned hybrid coupled walls under lateral loads.” J. Struct. Eng. 130 (2): 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(297).
Kwon, H., Y. Jeon, K. Lee, M. Shin, and S. Han. 2013. “Cyclic behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composite coupling beam having diagonal reinforcement.” J. Korea Concr. Inst. 25 (6): 649–656. https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2013.25.6.649.
Lam, W. Y. 2002. “Experimental study on embedded steel plate composite coupling beams.” MS thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Lam, W. Y., R. K. L. Su, and H. J. Pam. 2003. “Strength and ductility of embedded steel composite coupling beams.” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Struct. 6 (1): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943303321625702.
Lam, W. Y., R. K. L. Su, and H. J. Pam. 2004. “Seismic performance of plate reinforced composite coupling beams.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, Canada: World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering.
Lam, W. Y., R. K. L. Su, and H. J. Pam. 2005. “Experimental study on embedded steel plate composite coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (8): 1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:8(1294).
Lee, H. J., D. A. Kuchma, W. Baker, and L. C. Novak. 2008. “Design and analysis of heavily loaded reinforced concrete link beams for Burj Dubai.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (4): 451–459.
Lequesne, R. D. 2011. “Behavior and design of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete coupling beams and coupled-wall systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Michigan.
Lequesne, R. D., G. J. Parra-Montesinos, and J. K. Wight. 2013. “Seismic behavior and detailing of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete coupling beams and coupled wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng. 139 (8): 1362–1370. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000687.
Li, G., M. Pang, F. Sun, J. Jiang, and D. Hu. 2017. “Seismic behavior of coupled shear wall structures with various concrete and steel coupling beams.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 27 (1): e1405. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1405.
Li, M., H. C. Luu, and C. Wu. 2014. “Seismic performance of reinforced engineered cementitious composite shear walls.” Earthquakes Struct. 7 (5): 691–704. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.7.5.691.
Li, X., L. Liu, H. Lv, and S. Sha. 2016. “Seismic retrofit of short RC coupling beams using CFRP composites.” Mag. Concr. Res. 68 (5): 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.15.00057.
Li, Y., and Y. Liu. 2019. “A study on coupled wall system with post-tensioned steel truss coupling beams: Concept and performance evaluation.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 23 (8): 3560–3570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-2025-7.
Li, Y., Y. Liu, and S. Meng. 2019. “Seismic performance evaluation of coupled wall system with novel replaceable steel truss coupling beams.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 22 (6): 1284–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218811530.
Linde, P., and H. Bachmann. 1994. “Dynamic modeling and design of earthquake-resistance walls.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 23 (12): 1331–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290231205.
Lu, X., C. Chen, H. Jiang, and S. Wang. 2018. “Shaking table tests and numerical analyses of an RC coupled wall structure with replaceable coupling beams.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 47 (9): 1882–1904. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3046.
Lybas, J. M., and M. A. Sozen. 1977. “Effect of beam strength and stiffness on dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete walls.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
MacLeod, I. A. 1970. Shear wall-frame interaction. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association.
Manohar, S., and S. Madhekar. 2015. “Seismic design of RC buildings.” New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2319-1_7.
Mao, C., J. Dong, H. Li, and J. Ou. 2012. “Seismic performance of RC shear wall structure with novel shape memory alloy dampers in coupling beams.” In Proc., SPIE- Int. Society for Optical Engineering. New York: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.917304.
Marsono, A. K., and S. Hatami. 2016. “Analysis of reinforced concrete shear walls with single band of octagonal openings.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 20 (5): 1887–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0512-z.
Meftah, S. A., F. Mohri, and E. M. Daya. 2013. “Seismic behavior of RC coupled shear walls with strengthened coupling beams by bonded thin composite plates.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 17 (2): 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-1286-9.
Miah, M. M., M. A. Asad, N. H. Serker, and T. Ahmed. 2013. “Numerical analysis of coupled shear wall for drift control.” Curr. Adv. Civ. Eng. 1 (1): 27–32.
More, M. M., A. N. Patil, V. S. Kadam, and M. M. More. 2016. “Behaviour of coupled shear wall building.” Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4 (XI): 291–299.
Motter, C. J., D. C. Fields, J. D. Hooper, R. Klemencic, and J. W. Wallace. 2014. “Large-scale testing of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) coupling beams embedded into reinforced concrete shear walls.” In Proc., 10th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering. Anchorage, AK: US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering.
Muhaxheri, M. 2014. “Behaviour of coupling beams retrofitted with advanced cementitious composites: Experiments and modelling.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School in Structural, Earthquake and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano.
Muhaxheri, M., A. Spini, L. Ferrara, M. Lamperti, and M. Prisco. 2014. “Strengthening/retrofitting of coupling beams using advanced cement based materials.” In Proc., 10th Fib Int. Symp. in Civil Engineering. Québec, Canada: Université Laval.
Nabilah, A. B., and C. G. Koh. 2017. “Experimental study of intermediate length coupling beams subjected to monotonic load.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21 (7): 2807–2813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1185-6.
Naeim, F. 2001. Dynamics of structures, theory and applications in earthquake engineering. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Nie, J. G., H. S. Hua, and M. R. Eatherton. 2014. “Concrete filled steel plate composite coupling beams: Experimental study.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 94 (Mar): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.024.
NZS (New Zealand Standard). 2006. Concrete structures standard. NZS 3101. Wellington, New Zealand: NZS.
Oh, H. C., K. Lee, S. W. Han, M. Shin, and Y. W. Jo. 2015. “Hysteretic behavior evaluation of a RC coupling beam using a steel fiber and diagonal reinforcement.” J. Korea Concr. Inst. 27 (3): 291–298. https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2015.27.3.291.
Pant, D. R., M. Montgomery, and C. Christopoulos. 2017. “Analytical study on the dynamic properties of viscoelastically coupled shear walls in high-rise buildings.” J. Eng. Mech. 143 (8): 04017047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001247.
Park, R., and T. Paulay. 1975. Reinforced concrete structures. New York: Wiley.
Park, W. S., and H. D. Yun. 2005. “Seismic behavior of coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear walls.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 61 (11): 1492–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.04.006.
Park, W. S., and H. D. Yun. 2006. “Seismic behaviour and design of steel coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear wall systems.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 236 (23): 2474–2484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.03.008.
Park, W. S., and H. D. Yun. 2011. “Seismic performance of strain-hardening cementitious composite coupling beams with different reinforcement details.” Composites Part B 42 (6): 1427–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.049.
Park, W. S., H. D. Yun, S. W. Kim, and Y. Jang. 2012. “Structural performance of hybrid coupled shear wall system considering connection details.” J. Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Inspection 16 (3): 128–137. https://doi.org/10.11112/jksmi.2012.16.3.128.
Parra-Montesinos, G. J. 2005. “High-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites: An alternative for seismic design of structures.” ACI Struct. J. 102 (5): 668–675.
Parra-Montesinos, G. J., J. K. Wight, R. D. Lequesne, and M. Setkit. 2012. “A summary of ten years of research on HPFRC coupling beams.” In Proc., HPFRCC 6, 355–362. New York: Springer.
Paulay, T., and J. R. Binney. 1974. “Diagonally reinforced coupling beams of shear walls.” Spec. Publ. 42 (2): 579–598.
Pisanty, A., and E. E. Traum. 1970. “Simplified analysis of coupled shear walls of variable cross section.” J. Build. Sci. 5: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-3628(70)90012-5.
Raju, K. R., A. Cinitha, and N. R. Iyer. 2012. “Seismic performance evaluation of existing RC buildings designed as per past codes of practice.” Indian Acad. Sci. 37 (2): 281–297.
Resatoglu, R., O. Aksogan, and E. Emsen. 2010. “Static analysis of laterally arbitrarily loaded non-planar non-symmetrical coupled shear walls.” Thin Walled Struct. 48 (9): 696–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2010.04.009.
Riyazi, M., M. R. Esfahani, and H. Mohammadi. 2007. “Behavior of coupling beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets.” Int. J. Eng. 20 (1): 49–58.
Savassi, W., and E. Mancini. 2009. “One-dimensional finite element solution for non-uniform tall building structures and loading.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 18 (4): 441–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.445.
SEAOC (Structural Engineers Association of California). 1995. Performance based seismic engineering of buildings. Sacramento, CA: SEAOC.
Seo, S.-Y., H.-D. Yun, and Y.-S. Chun. 2017. “Hysteretic behavior of conventionally reinforced concrete coupling beams in reinforced concrete coupled shear wall.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (4): 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0221-8.
Sesli, H., S. I. Cosgun, M. Husem, and S. Demir. 2016. “Behavior of the reinforced concrete coupled wall systems and wall boundary elements.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 12th Int. Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering. İstanbul, Turkey: Boğaziçi Univ.
Shahrooz, B. M., M. E. Remmetter, and F. Qin. 1993. “Seismic design and performance of composite coupled walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 119 (11): 3291–3309. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:11(3291).
Shen, Q., 2003. “Seismic analysis, behavior, and design of unbonded post-tensioned hybrid coupled walls.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, Univ. of Notre Dame.
Shen, Q., and C. Kurama. 2002. “Nonlinear behavior of posttensioned hybrid coupled wall subassemblages.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (10): 1290–1300. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:10(1290).
Shin, M., S. W. Gwon, and K. Lee. 2014. “Effectiveness of high performance fiber-reinforced cement composites in slender coupling beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 476–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.089.
Shiu, N. K., T. Takayangi, and W. G. Corley. 1984. “Seismic behavior of coupled wall systems.” J. Struct. Div. 110 (ST 5): 1051–1066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1984)110:5(1051).
Su, R. K. L., W. Y. Lam, and H. J. Pam. 2009. “Experimental study of plate reinforced composite deep coupling beams.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 18 (3): 235–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.407.
Subedi, N. K. 1989. “Reinforced concrete beams with plate reinforcement for shear.” Proc. Instit. Civ. Eng. Struct. Eng. 87 (3): 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.2972.
Subedi, N. K. 1991. “RC-coupled shear wall structures. II: Ultimate strength calculations.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (3): 681–698. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:3(681).
Taranath, B. S. 2010. Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings. New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Tassios, T. P., M. Moretti, and A. Bezas. 1996. “On the behavior and ductility of reinforced concrete coupling beams of shear walls.” ACI Struct. J. 93 (6): 711–720.
Teng, J. G., J. F. Chen, and Y. C. Lee. 1999. “Concrete-filled steel tubes as coupling beams for RC shear walls.” In Proc., Second Int. Conf. on Advances in Steel Structures, 391–399. Hong Kong: Elsevier.
Thambi, D., and C. Prabha. 2017. “Coupled shear wall: A review.” Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng. 3 (11): 135–136.
Vuddandam, R., H. Toutanji, and R. Rodgers. 2013. “Approximate solutions to coupled shear walls on fixed and flexible foundations.” Mod. Appl. Sci. 7 (4): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v7n4p1.
Weldon, B., and Y. Kurama. 2007. “Nonlinear behavior of precast concrete coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (11): 1571–1581. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:11(1571).
Weldon, B., and Y. Kurama. 2010. “Experimental evaluation of post-tensioned precast concrete coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 136 (9): 1066–1077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000212.
Weldon, B., and Y. Kurama. 2012. “Analytical modeling and design validation of post-tensioned precast concrete coupling beams for seismic regions.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (2): 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000415.
Yeghnem, R., S. A. Meftah, S. Benyoucef, A. Tounsi, and E. A. Adda Bedia. 2013. “Earthquake response of RC coupled shear walls strengthened with composite sheets with varying widthwise material properties: Creep and shrinkage effect.” In Proc., 2nd Turkish Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology—TDMSK 2013. Antakya, Turkey: Earthquake Engineering Association of Turkey.
Yun, H., and W. Park. 2006. “Seismic behaviour and design of steel coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear wall systems.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 236 (23): 2474–2484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.03.008.
Zhang, G., Z. Z. Zhao, and J. R. Qian. 2008. “Seismic performance and shear resisting capacity of steel plate reinforced concrete coupling beams.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. New York: Springer.
Zhang, Z., J. Ou, D. Li, and S. Zhang. 2017. “Optimization design of coupling beam metal damper in shear wall structures.” Appl. Sci. 7 (2): 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7020137.
Zhou, Y., L. Lu, Z. Huang, and D. Li. 2014. “Deformation capacity and performance-based seismic design for reinforced concrete coupling beams.” J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. 13 (1): 203–208. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.13.203.
Zhu, Y., and R. L. Su. 2010. “Behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete coupling beams by bolted steel plates. Part 2: Evaluation of theoretical strength.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 34 (5): 563. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.34.5.563.
Zhu, Y., R. L. Su, and F. L. Zhou. 2007. “Seismic behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete coupling beams by bolted steel plates. Part 1: Experimental study.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 27 (2): 149–172. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2007.27.2.149.
Zirakian, T., M. Hajsadeghi, J. Lim, and M. Bahrebar. 2016. “Structural performance of corrugated web steel coupling beams.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 169 (10): 756–764. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.15.00026.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 25Issue 3August 2020

History

Published online: Apr 28, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Hamdy M. Afefy [email protected]
Professor, Structural Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Tanta Univ., Tanta 31511, Egypt. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share