Assessment of Failure Modes Caused by Water Hammer and Investigation of Convenient Control Measures
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 11, Issue 2
Abstract
Economic and efficient transient control measures are always required to ensure safe and performant operation of water distribution networks (WDNs). This study presents extensive numerical investigations of some cost-effective water hammer control strategies in pumping stations. To this end, an abrupt stoppage of pumps was considered for the numerical investigations because this event is likely to generate high transient flow disturbances in WDNs. The transient analysis was conducted using a MATLAB code based on the method of characteristics with linear integration, which is used to discretize the governing momentum and continuity equations. The considered cost-effective water hammer strategies were based on the single and combined usage of flywheels, check valves, and inline valves. Through a detailed numerical study, it was demonstrated that the performance of larger flywheels is relatively limited considering that pumps with higher moments of inertia engender extra costs in terms of space and starting energy. Alternatively, additional water hammer devices should be introduced in the pump station. It was evinced that single usage of check valves guarantees full protection of the pumps; however, it generates an additional severe water hammer effect on the pipeline integrity following the closure. On the contrary, joint use of check valves and an inline valve with an optimized closure rate resulted in a remarkable transient pressure attenuation. Results of this study prove that in some cases, a convenient combination of simple water hammer control devices can alleviate remarkably the transient pressure disturbances in WDNs without the need for more expensive and sophisticated anti-ram devices.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
References
Afshar, M. H., and M. Rohani. 2008. “Water hammer simulation by implicit method of characteristic.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 85 (12): 851–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.08.006.
Besharat, M., M. T. Viseu, and H. M. Ramos. 2017. “Experimental study of air vessel behavior for energy storage or system protection in water hammer events.” Water 9 (1): 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010063.
Boulos, P. F., B. W. Karney, D. J. Wood, and S. Lingireddy. 2005. Hydraulic transient guidelines for protecting water distribution systems, 111–124. Denver: American Water Works Association.
Cantone, V., A. R. Simpson, R. Stevens, and M. F. Lambert. 2008. “A comparison of a pressure vessel and flywheel for surge mitigation in a long pipeline system.” In BHR Group—Surge Analysis—System Design, Simulation, Monitoring and Control, 10th Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges. Edinburgh, UK: BHR.
Chaudhry, M. H. 1979. Applied hydraulic transients. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Chaudhry, M. H. 2014. Applied hydraulic transients. New York: Springer.
Chaudhry, M. H., and M. Hussaini. 1985. “Second-order accurate explicit finite-difference schemes for water hammer analysis.” J. Fluids Eng. 107 (4): 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3242524.
Gabl, R., and M. Righetti. 2018. “Design criteria for a type of asymmetric orifice in a surge tank using CFD.” Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 12 (1): 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2018.1443837.
Gong, J., M. L. Stephens, M. F. Lambert, A. C. Zecchin, and A. R. Simpson. 2018. “Pressure surge suppression using a metallic-plastic-metallic pipe configuration.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 144 (6): 04018025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001468.
Guidara, M. A., L. Hadj, C. Schmitt, E. Hadj Taieb, and Z. Azari. 2018. “Investigation of viscoelastic effects on transient flow in a relatively long PE100 pipe.” J. Fluids Struct. 80 (Jul): 370–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.04.008.
Jones, G. M., R. L. Sanks, G. Tchobanoglous, and B. E. I. Bosserman. 2008. Pumping station design. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Karney, B. W., and A. R. Simpson. 2007. “In-line check valves for water hammer control.” J. Hydraul. Res. 45 (4): 547–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521790.
Kochupillai, J., N. Ganesan, and C. Padmanabhan. 2005. “A new finite element formulation based on the velocity of flow for water hammer problems.” Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 82 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2004.06.009.
Marchal, M., G. Flesh, and P. Suter. 1965. “The calculation of water-hammer problems by means of the digital computer.” In Proc., Int. Symp. Water Hammer Pumped Storage Projects. Chicago: ASME.
Nourbakhsh, A., A. B. Jaumotte, C. Hirsch, and H. B. Parizi. 2007. Turbo pumps and pumping systems. Berlin: Springer.
Pejovic, S., A. Boldy, and D. Obradovic. 1987. Guidelines to hydraulic transient analysis. Aldershot, UK: Gower Technical Press.
Rezaei, H., B. Ryan, and I. Stoianov. 2015. “Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks.” Procedia Eng. 119 (1): 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.883.
Rezaei, V., M. Calamak, and Z. Bozkus. 2017. “Performance of a pumped discharge line with combined application of protection devices against water hammer.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21 (4): 1493–1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0747-3.
Richter, W., G. Zenz, J. Schneider, and H. Knoblauch. 2015. “Surge tanks for high head hydropower plants—Hydraulic layout—New developments/Wasserschlösser für Hochdruck-Wasserkraftanlagen—Hydraulische Auslegung—Neue Entwicklungen.” Geomech. Tunnelling 8 (1): 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.201400057.
Rohani, M., and M. H. Afshar. 2010. “Simulation of transient flow caused by pump failure: Point-implicit method of characteristics.” Ann. Nucl. Energy 37 (12): 1742–1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2010.07.004.
Rosenfeld, M., and J. Kiefner. 2006. Basics of metal fatigue in natural gas pipeline systems—A Primer for gas pipeline operators. Houston: Technical Toolboxes.
Streeter, V., and E. B. Wylie. 1967. Hydraulic transients. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Travis, Q. B., and L. W. Mays. 2007. “Relationship between Hazen–William and Colebrook–White roughness values.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 133 (11): 1270–1273. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:11(1270).
Twyman, J. 2016. “Wave speed calculation for water hammer analysis.” Obras Proyectos 20: 86–92. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-28132016000200007.
Wan, W., and W. Huang. 2013. “Investigation of fluid transients in centrifugal pump integrated system with multi channel pressure vessel.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 135 (6): 061301. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024457.
Wan, W., B. Zhang, and X. Chen. 2019. “Investigation on water hammer control of centrifugal pumps in water supply pipeline systems.” Energies 12 (1): 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010108.
Wang, L., F. J. Wang, Z. C. Zou, X. N. Li, and J. C. Zhang. 2013. “Effects of air vessel on water hammer in high-head pumping station.” In Vol. 52 of IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Bristol, UK: IOP Publishing.
Wu, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Wang. 2015. “Research on air valve of water supply pipelines.” Procedia Eng. 119 (1): 884–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.959.
Wylie, B. E., V. L. Streeter, and S. Lisheng. 1993. Fluid transients in systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zhang, K. Q., B. W. Karney, and D. L. McPherson. 2008. “Pressure-relief valve selection and transient pressure control.” J. Am. Water Works Assn. 100 (8): 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09700.x.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 4, 2018
Accepted: Aug 17, 2019
Published online: Jan 29, 2020
Published in print: May 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 29, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.