Manifold Flow in Pressure-Distribution Systems
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 1, Issue 3
Abstract
Manifolds are used extensively in pipeline engineering applications. They may be classified as combining-flow in which the flow rate increases along the length of the manifold, and dividing-flow in which the flow rate decreases along the manifold length. The present paper addresses dividing-flow manifolds with the emphasis on pressure-distribution systems. The seminal theoretical and experimental work of McNown on discrete tee takeoffs, applicable to pressure-distribution-system manifolds, is discussed and elaborated upon for flow across the run of the tee and into the tee branch. Pertinent theoretical and experimental work for discrete orifice takeoffs is summarized. The information thus presented facilitates discussion of certain concepts presently incorporated in pressure-distribution-system design. Certain erroneous concepts are identified. A perspective is provided and improvements in related aspects of manifold design are suggested. A separate paper, presented at the ASCE/EWRI World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010 Conference, builds on the present paper by specifically addressing wastewater pressure-distribution systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Berkowitz, S. J. (1985). “Pressure manifold design for large subsurface ground absorption sewage systems.” Proc., 4th National Symp. on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 39–48.
Brooks, N. H. (1970). “Ocean disposal.” Summer course notes on stream and estuarine analysis, Manhattan College, New York.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1968). “Dispersion conduits.” J. Sanit. Engrg. Div., 94(1), 31–39.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1969). “Closure to ‘Dispersion conduits’ by T. R. Camp and S. D. Graber.” J. Sanit. Engrg. Div., 95(5), 943–947.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1970). “Discussion of ‘Internal hydraulics of thermal discharge diffusers’ by S. Vigander, R. A. Elder, and N. H. Brooks.” J. Hydr. Div., 96(12), 2631–2635.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1972). “Discussion of ‘Manifold flow in subirrigation pipes’ by E. Zsák.” J. Hydr. Div., 98(4), 728–732.
Chaudhry, F. H., and Reis, L. F. R. (1992). “Calculating flow in manifold and orifice system.” J. Environ. Eng., 118(4), 585–596.
French, J. A. (1972a). “Discussion of ‘Manifold flow in subirrigation pipes’ by E. Zsák.” J. Hydr. Div., 98(4), 732–736.
French, J. A. (1972b). “Internal hydraulics of multiport diffusers.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 44(5), 782–795.
French, J. A. (1980). “Discussion of ‘Dividing-flow manifolds with square-edged laterals’ by H. E. Hudson, R. B. Uhler, and R. W. Bailey.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 106(3), 675–677.
Graber, S. D. (1981). “Discussion of ‘Hydraulic design of flow distribution channels’ by J.-L. Chao and R. R. Trussell.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 107(1), 299–301.
Graber, S. D. (2004a). “Collection conduits including subsurface drains.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(1), 67–80.
Graber, S. D. (2004b). “Concepts of spatially varied flow.” Proc., HT-FED04, 2004 ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conf., ASME, New York.
Graber, S. D. (2007a). “Full-flowing collection conduits with nonuniform inflow.” J. Environ. Eng., 133(6), 575–580.
Graber, S. D. (2007b). “Hydraulic considerations in geosynthetic and aggregate subsurface drains.” J. Environ. Eng., 133(9), 869–878.
Graber, S. D. (2010). “Manifold flow in wastewater pressure-distribution systems.” Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress., ASCE, Reston, Va.
Hudson, H. E., Uhler, R. B., and Bailey, R. W. (1979). “Dividing-flow manifolds with square-edged laterals.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 105(4), 745–755.
Lamb, H. (1945). Hydrodynamics, 6th Ed., Dover, New York, 98–99.
Li, Y. T. (1973). “Head losses in T-junctions and manifolds.” Water power, I. P. C. Electrical–Electronic Press, London, 266–272.
McNown, J. S. (1954). “Mechanics of manifold flow.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 119, 1103–1142.
McNown, J. S., (1980). “Discussion of 'Dividing-flow manifolds with square-edged laterals,' by H. E. Hudson, R. B. Uhler, and R. W. Bailey.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 106(4), 864–866.
McNown, J. S., and Hsu, E. -Y. (1951). “Application of conformal mapping to divided flow.” Proc., Midwestern Conf. on Fluid Dynamics, J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Mich., 143–155.
Otis, R. J. (1982). “Pressure distribution design for septic tank systems.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 108(1), 123–140.
Rawn, A. M., Bowerman, F. R., and Brooks, N. H. (1961). “Diffusers for disposal of sewage in seawater.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 126(III), 344–388.
Reese, L. E., Gold, A. J., and Loudon, T. L. (1985). “Computer generated pressurized effluent distribution lateral systems.” Proc., 4th National Symp. on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 49–58.
Shames, I. H. (1962). Mechanics of fluids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 5.13.
Streeter, V. L. (1948). Fluid dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 174–177.
Vennard, J. K., and Dentoni, D. I. (1954). “Discussion of ‘Mechanics of manifold flow’ by J. S. McNown.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 119, 1136–1140.
Vigander, S., Elder, R. A., and Brooks, N. H. (1970). “Internal hydraulics of thermal discharge diffusers.” J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 96(2), 509–527.
White, T. E., Bell, J. M., and Jones, D. D. (1985). “Computer-aided design of pressure dosed on-site distribution systems.” Proc., 4th National Symp. on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 30–38.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 31, 2010
Accepted: Apr 16, 2010
Published online: Jul 15, 2010
Published in print: Aug 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.