Foundation and Development of Natural Catastrophe Modeling
Publication: Natural Hazards Review
Volume 23, Issue 4
Abstract
The quantification of damage potential is an essential prerequisite for mitigating the impact of natural hazards on the built environment of a country. Catastrophe models are complex computer programs that allow us to measure damage potentials, investigate the possible effects of climate change, and more. Model-generated information, however, is highly sensitive to the incorporated assumptions, and thus the soundness of our knowledge of risk and the effectiveness of mitigation mechanisms is in direct proportion to how well we understand those assumptions. The history of the development of catastrophe modeling in the last 60 years has much to teach us about these and other important aspects. However, it has been underexamined. This paper aims to trace the origins of modern catastrophe modeling—identifying its roots and rapid progress from World War II until the mid-1960s, when risk assessment approaches grew from empirical data-dependent techniques to physics-based computer simulations, and from the 1960s to early 2000s, when catastrophe models acquired an important role in policy analysis. The role of Don G. Friedman, a scientist not yet properly recognized in the risk modeling community although arguably the chief pioneer of catastrophe modeling, is highlighted. The sources used to construct this account include relatively unexplored ones as well as interviews with key pioneers of catastrophe modeling.
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Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
I am very grateful to Don G. Friedman who graciously provided his recollections and information for this paper, as well as to Lori Friedman-Gordon and Matt Friedman whose help was immense. Special thanks to Judy Mitrani-Reiser who was the first to encourage this study. Also, many thanks to all who kindly provided their recollections: Maryellen Bocaccino, Darexa Cosnett, Luis Esteva, Arnoldo Hax, John Mangano, Richard Pfeffer, Anne Wadsworth-Pardo, Anne Kiremidjian, Ron Muskatallo, Enders Robinson, Tapan Roy, John Russo, John Schaake, Bernard Shorr, George Walker, James Wilson, and Herbert Winokur. I am also grateful for help from Philip Berke (UNC-Chapel Hill), Terri Clark (Connecticut Academy of Science & Engineering), Mary Beth Davidson (Travelers Library), Thorleif Kristiansen (Univ. Bergen), Jimi Oke (UMass-Amherst), Elizabeth Pena (Rockefeller Foundation), Marty Reuss (USACE), Graham Village (INFORMA). For any errors, I am alone responsible.
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Volume 23 • Issue 4 • November 2022
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Received: Aug 18, 2021
Accepted: Mar 18, 2022
Published online: Aug 2, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 2, 2023
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