Evolution of Low-Temperature Properties of Warm-Mix Rubber-Modified Asphalt under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 2
Abstract
Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed to analyze the changes in apparent morphology, the functional groups, and glass transition temperatures of warm-mix rubber-modified asphalt under freeze–thaw cycles to describe the evolution mechanism of the low-temperature performance of asphalt binders under freeze–thaw cycling at the microscale level. Using the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, the relaxation and delay characteristics of the asphalt binders under freeze–thaw cycling were quantitatively analyzed using the parameters fitted by Burgers model, and based on the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, the low-temperature evaluation indices of the asphalt binders were calculated using the Christensen–Anderson–Marasteanu (CAM) model. Regression analysis of the related performance parameters was carried out, so as to describe the evolution of the low temperature performance of asphalt under freezing-thawing cycles at the macroscopic level. It was indicated that freeze–thaw cycling reduced the low-temperature performance of the asphalt binders. Compared to water freeze–thaw cycling, salt freeze–thaw cycling caused a greater degree of damage to the surfaces and changes in the related parameters of the asphalt binders. Also, the addition of warm-mix additives (EM and SDYK) changed the low-temperature performances of the rubber-modified asphalt (60MCR). After freeze–thaw cycling, the rubber-modified asphalt with SDYK (0.6S-60MCR) showed lower degrees of change of characteristics describing low temperature performance than those of the rubber-modified asphalt (60MCR) and rubber-modified asphalt with EM additive (1E-60MCR), indicating its superior resistance to anti-cracking ability at low temperatures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11962024), the National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (2019MS05079), the National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (2021MS05028), and the Scientific research project of Inner Mongolia University of Technology (ZY201809).
References
Chen, H., M. Chen, J. Geng, L. He, C. Xia, Y. Niu, and M. Luo. 2021. “Effect of multiple freeze–thaw on rheological properties and chemical composition of asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 308 (Nov): 125086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125086.
CS (Chinese Standards). 2011. Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering. JTG E20-2011. Beijing: Ministry of Communications Highway Engineering.
Dong, W. L., W. Y. Guan, and W. D. Huang. 2018. “Low temperature properties of SBS modified asphalt under different aging processes.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 21 (2): 268–274.
Du, Z. Y., J. Yuan, and F. P. Xiao. 2020. “Improvement of low temperature performance evaluation method of LDPE modified asphalt.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 9 (2): 1–16.
Falchetto, A. C., M. I. Turos, and M. O. Marasteanu. 2012. “Investigation on asphalt binder strength at low temperatures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 13 (4): 804–816. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.735793.
Farrar, M. J., T. F. Turner, J.-P. Planche, J. F. Schabron, and P. M. Harnsberger. 2013. “Evolution of the crossover modulus with oxidative aging: Method to estimate change in viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder with time and depth on the road.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2370 (1): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.3141/2370-10.
Fu, L., H. Zhou, J. Yuan, W. An, and X. Chen. 2021. “Damage fracture characterization of asphalt mixtures considering freeze–thaw cycling and aging effects based on acoustic emission monitoring.” Materials 14 (20): 5930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205930.
Glaser, R. R., J. F. Schabron, T. F. Turner, J. P. Planche, S. L. Salmans, and J. L. Loveridge. 2013. “Low-temperature oxidation kinetics of asphalt binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2370 (1): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.3141/2370-08.
Han, J. W. 2016. “Microstructure and rheological properties of asphalt under salt-freezing cycle.” Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Univ. of Technology.
Hengzhen, L., X. Huining, Y. Xusheng, and T. Yiqiu. 2021. “Investigation of water phases on freeze–thaw damage on asphalt mixture by using information entropy.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 32 (8): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1976256.
Hou, R. H. 2019. “Research on properties of warm mix asphalt and mixture based on rheological.” Master’s thesis, Highway School, Chang’an Univ.
Huang, X., and L. Wang. 2022. “Evolution of characteristics of warm-mix rubber-modified asphalt during water damage under different immersion times.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 34 (1): 04021394. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004032.
Huang, X. Y., and L. Wang. 2020. “Investigation on microscale characteristics of warm mix rubber modified asphalt depending on thermal-oxidative aging.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 23 (6): 1450–1457.
Karimi, M. M., E. A. Dehaghi, and A. Behnood. 2021. “A fracture-based approach to characterize long-term performance of asphalt mixes under moisture and freeze–thaw conditions.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 241 (Jan): 107418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107418.
Li, X. J., J. A. Yuan, and J. L. Dai. 2003. “Relationship between penetration and rheological properties of asphalt binder.” [In Chinese.] J. Chang‘an Univ. 2 (8): 17–21.
Li, X. Y., G. Huang, and L. D. Wang. 2013. “Review of warm mix asphalt technology.” Pet. Asphalt 27 (1): 66–71.
Ma, J. K. 2017. “Experimental study on performance of rubber-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture under the action of salt freezing-thawing and drying-wetting cycles.” Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Changchun Institute of Engineering.
Nian, T., P. Li, Y. Mao, G. Zhang, and Y. Liu. 2018a. “Connections between chemical composition and rheology of aged base asphalt binders during repeated freeze–thaw cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 159 (Jan): 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.097.
Nian, T. F., P. Li, and H. Lin. 2018b. “Analysis of characteristic functional group content and rheological parameters by grey entropy and microstructure of asphalt under freeze–thaw cycles.” [In Chinese.] J. Jilin Univ. 48 (4): 1045–1054.
Sheikhmotevali, A. H., and M. Ameri. 2014. “Application of bitumen rheological parameters to predict thermal cracking behavior of polymer modified asphalt mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 66 (Sep): 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.070.
Sui, C., M. J. Farrar, P. M. Harnsberger, W. H. Tuminello, and T. F. Turner. 2011. “New low-temperature performance-grading method: Using 4-mm parallel plates on a dynamic shear rheometer.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2207 (1): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.3141/2207-06.
Sui, C., M. J. Farrar, W. H. Tuminello, and T. F. Turner. 2010. “New technique for measuring low-temperature properties of asphalt binders with small amounts of material.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2179 (1): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.3141/2179-03.
Tan, Y. Q., Y. K. Fu, L. Ji, and L. Zhang. 2016. “Rubber asphalt low temperature performance evaluation index.” [In Chinese.] J. Harbin Inst. Technol. 48 (3): 66–70.
Velasquez, R., H. Tabatabaee, and H. Bahia. 2011. “Low temperature cracking characterization of asphalt binders by means of the single-edge notch bending (SENB) test.” [In Chinese.] Asphalt Paving Technol. 80 (16): 583.
Wang, D., A. C. Falchetto, C. Riccardi, L. Poulikakos, B. Hofko, L. Porot, M. P. Wistuba, H. Baaj, P. Mikhailenko, and K. H. Moon. 2019. “Investigation on the combined effect of aging temperatures and cooling medium on rheological properties of asphalt binder based on DSR and BBR.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 20 (S1): S409–S433. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1589559.
Wang, K., and P. W. Hao. 2016. “Low temperature performance and viscoelastic analysis of asphalt in BBR test.” [In Chinese.] J. Liaoning Tech. Univ. 5 (10): 1138–1143.
Xu, G., X. Chen, X. Cai, Y. Yu, and J. Yang. 2021a. “Characterization of three-dimensional internal structure evolution in asphalt mixtures during freeze–thaw cycles.” Appl. Sci. 11 (9): 4316. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094316.
Xu, J., Z. Fan, J. Lin, X. Yang, D. Wang, and M. Oeser. 2021b. “Predicting the low-temperature performance of asphalt binder based on rheological model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 302 (Oct): 124401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124401.
You, Z., J. Mills-Beale, E. Fini, S. W. Goh, and B. Colbert. 2011. “Evaluation of low-temperature binder properties of warm-mix asphalt, extracted and recovered RAP and RAS, and bioasphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (11): 1569–1574. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000295.
Yusoff, N. I. M., M. T. Shaw, and G. D. Airey. 2011. “Modelling the linear viscoelastic rheological properties of bituminous binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2171–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.086.
Zeng, Z. A., B. S. Underwood, and C. Castorena. 2022. “Low-temperature performance grade characterisation of asphalt binder using the dynamic shear rheometer.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 23 (3): 811–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1774766.
Zhang, B. X. 2018. “Experimental study on high and low temperature performance of warm crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures under freeze–thaw cycle.” Master’s thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Univ. of Technology.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 2 • February 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 7, 2022
Accepted: May 11, 2022
Published online: Nov 22, 2022
Published in print: Feb 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 22, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Lan Wang, Le Chen, Ya Xin Li, Han Feng Guan, Meng Jing, Adhesion Characteristics of Warm-Mix Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt-Steel Slag Interface under Water Erosion, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17981, 36, 9, (2024).