Influences of Waste-Utilizing Rejuvenator on Properties of Recycled Asphalt Binders
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 1
Abstract
The waste of scrap rubber and asphalt mixtures brings a serious problem of environmental pollution and resource waste, which is inconsistent with the principles of sustainable development and a circular economy. A waste-utilizing rejuvenator was developed using scrap rubber, waste engine oil (WEO), aromatic furfural oil (AFO), and antiaging agent, among others, in this investigation. This work aims to explore the influence of the rejuvenator on properties of recycled asphalt binders. The recycling effect of the rejuvenator was first evaluated by conventional tests, followed by the characterization of saturate (S), aromatic (A), resin (R), and asphaltene (A) fractions and colloidal structures. Subsequently, the evaluation indicators were optimized by gray relational analysis (GRA). Finally, the viscosity composition characteristics were analyzed by the composite viscosity theory. The results indicated that the rejuvenator can significantly restore the consistency, workability, and low-temperature flexibility of aged asphalt binders, and a rejuvenator content of 8%–12% is acceptable. The rejuvenator can effectively replenish the components lost during the aging process. Hence, SARA fractions in the aged asphalt binder are balanced and the colloidal structure is restabilized. Penetration, ductility, and viscosity are recommended as evaluation indicators according to GRA, and the percentage change of SARA fractions is worth noting. The modified model can accurately predict the viscosity of recycled asphalt binders at 65°C and 85°C because it considers the difference in viscosity between the rejuvenator and the aged asphalt binder. This provides the possibility to design the composition of recycled asphalt binders.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51878061); the Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Program (2022SF-169); and the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2019JM195). The authors gratefully acknowledge their financial support.
References
Ameli, A., J. Maher, A. Mosavi, N. Nabipour, R. Babagoli, and N. Norouzi. 2020. “Performance evaluation of binders and stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by ground tire rubber (GTR), waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and anti stripping agents (ASAs).” Constr. Build. Mater. 251 (3): 118932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118932.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test method for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). ASTM D6648-08(2016). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for separation of asphalt into four fractions. ASTM D4124-09(2018). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring- and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36/D36M-14(2020). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402/D4402M-15(2022). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials. ASTM D113-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020a. Standard test method for effects of heat and air on asphaltic materials (thin-film oven test). ASTM D1754/D1754M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020b. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5/D5M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2022. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel . ASTM D6521-22. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bajaj, A., A. E. Martin, G. King, C. Glover, F. Kaseer, and E. Arámbula-Mercado. 2020. “Evaluation and classification of recycling agents for asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 260 (45): 119864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119864.
Behnood, A. 2019. “Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 231 (5): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.209.
Blanc, J., et al. 2019. “Full-scale validation of bio-recycled asphalt mixtures for road pavements.” J. Cleaner Prod. 227 (4): 1068–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.273.
Borchardt, J. K., 1991. “Viscosity behavior and oil recovery properties of interacting polymers. Water-soluble polyer.” ACS Symp. Ser. 467: 446–465. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0467.ch029.
Cai, X., J. Y. Zhang, G. Xu, M. H. Gong, X. H. Chen, and J. Yang. 2019. “Internal aging indexes to characterize the aging behavior of two bio-rejuvenated asphalts.” J. Cleaner Prod. 220 (Feb): 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.203.
Cao, W. D., A. T. Wang, D. S. Yu, S. T. Liu, and W. Hou. 2019. “Establishment and implementation of an asphalt pavement recycling decision system based on the analytic hierarchy process.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 149 (6): 738–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.028.
Cao, Z. L., M. Z. Chen, J. Y. Yu, and X. B. Han. 2020. “Preparation and characterization of active rejuvenated SBS modified bitumen for the sustainable development of high-grade asphalt pavement.” J. Cleaner Prod. 273 (12): 123012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123012.
Chen, M. Z., B. B. Leng, S. P. Wu, and Y. Sang. 2014. “Physical, chemical and rheological properties of waste edible vegetable oil rejuvenated asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 66 (May): 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.033.
Chen, Q., Z. H. Wang, P. H. Wen, X. L. Sun, and T. T. Guo. 2019a. “Performance evaluation of tourmaline modified asphalt mixture based on grey target decision method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 205 (Jan): 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.168.
Chen, Z. X., T. Wang, J. Z. Pei, S. Amirkhanian, F. P. Xiao, Q. S. Ye, and Z. P. Fan. 2019b. “Low temperature and fatigue characteristics of treated crumb rubber modified asphalt after a long term aging procedure.” J. Cleaner Prod. 234: 1262–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.147.
Fang, Y., Z. Q. Zhang, J. H. Yang, and X. J. Li. 2021. “Comprehensive review on the application of bio-rejuvenator in the regeneration of waste asphalt materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 295 (12): 123631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123631.
Fini, E. H., D. J. Oldham, and T. Abu-Lebdeh. 2013. “Synthesis and characterization of biomodified rubber asphalt: Sustainable waste management solution for scrap tire and swine manure.” J. Environ. Eng. 139 (12): 1454–1461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000765.
Forton, A., F. Mangiafico, C. Sauzéat, H. D. Benedetto, and P. Marc. 2020. “Properties of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results.” Constr. Build. Mater. 236 (11): 117555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117555.
Ghasemi, M., and S. M. Marandi. 2013. “Performance improvement of a scrap rubber modified bitumen using recycled glass powder.” J. Zhejiang Univ. –Sci. A 14 (11): 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1300053.
Ghisellini, P., X. Ji, G. Liu, and S. Ulgiati. 2018. “Evaluating the transition towards cleaner production in the construction and demolition sector of China: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 195 (5): 418–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.084.
Hou, X. D., C. Hettiarachchi, F. P. Xiao, Z. F. Zhao, Q. Xiang, and D. Yong. 2021. “Blending efficiency improvement and energy investigation of recycled asphalt mixture involved warm mix technology.” J. Cleaner Prod. 279 (12): 123732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123732.
Hu, Z. H., H. S. Zhang, S. W. Wang, and T. Xu. 2020. “Thermal-oxidative aging mechanism of asphalt binder based on isothermal thermal analysis at the SARA level.” Constr. Build. Mater. 255 (Sep): 119349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119349.
Ingrassia, L. P., X. Lu, G. Ferrotti, and F. Canestrari. 2019. “Renewable materials in bituminous binders and mixtures: Speculative pretext or reliable opportunity?” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 144 (May): 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.034.
Ingrassia, L. P., X. H. Lu, G. Ferrotti, C. Conti, and F. Canestrari. 2020. “Investigating the “circular propensity” of road bio-binders: Effectiveness in hot recycling of reclaimed asphalt and recyclability potential.” J. Cleaner Prod. 255 (May): 120193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120193.
Kaseer, F., A. E. Martin, and E. Arámbula-Mercado. 2019. “Use of recycling agents in asphalt mixtures with high recycled materials contents in the United States: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (Jun): 974–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.286.
Lei, Y., Z. H. X. Wei, H. N. Wang, Z. P. You, X. Yang, and Y. Chen. 2021. “Effect of crumb rubber size on the performance of rubberized asphalt with bio-oil pretreatment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 285 (May): 122864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122864.
Lesueur, D. 2009. “The colloidal structure of bitumen: Consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 145 (1–2): 42–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.08.011.
Li, J., F. P. Xiao, L. F. Zhang, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2019. “Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of recycled solid waste materials in highway pavement: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 233 (Oct): 1182–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.061.
Lin, P. S., T. L. Wu, C. W. Chang, and B. Y. Chou. 2011. “Effects of regenerants on aged asphalt binders and reclaimed asphalt concrete.” Mater. Struct. 44 (17): 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9675-8.
Luo, H. Y., X. M. Huang, R. Y. Tian, J. H. Huang, B. S. Zheng, D. L. Wang, and B. Y. Liu. 2021. “Analysis of relationship between component changes and performance degradation of Waste-Oil-Rejuvenated asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 297 (Aug): 123777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123777.
Lv, W. M., and J. J. Yan. 1989. Recycling technology of asphalt pavement. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Ma, J. M., M. J. Hu, D. Q. Sun, T. Lu, G. Q. Sun, S. L. Lin, and L. Xu. 2021. “Understanding the role of waste cooking oil residue during the preparation of rubber asphalt.” Resour. Conserv. Recycling 167 (12): 105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105235.
Ma, Y. T., W. Hu, P. A. Polaczyk, B. Y. Han, R. Xiao, M. M. Zhang, and B. S. Huang. 2020. “Rheological and aging characteristics of the recycled asphalt binders with different rejuvenator incorporation methods.” J. Cleaner Prod. 262 (20): 121249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121249.
Mcgovern, M. E., N. Farace, W. G. Buttlar, and H. Reis. 2015. “Effectiveness of rejuvenators on aged asphalt concrete using ultrasonic non-collinear subsurface wave mixing.” Mater. Eval. 73 (10): 1371–1382.
Mozafari, A., F. F. Tabrizi, M. Farsi, and S. A. H. S. Mousavi. 2017. “Thermodynamic modeling and optimization of thermolysis and air gasification of waste tire.” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 126 (4): 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.04.001.
Nguyen, H. V. 2013. “Effects of mixing procedures and rap sizes on stiffness distribution of hot recycling asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 728–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.056.
Presti, D. L. 2013. “Recycled tyre rubber modified bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Sep): 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007.
Read, J., and D. Whiteoak. 2003. The Shell bitumen handbook, 5th ed. London: Thomas Telford.
Ren, S. S., X. Y. Liu, H. P. Wang, W. Y. Fan, and S. Erkens. 2020. “Evaluation of rheological behaviors and anti-aging properties of recycled asphalts using low-viscosity asphalt and polymers.” J. Cleaner Prod. 253 (12): 120048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120048.
Siddiqui, M. N., and M. F. Ali. 1999. “Studies on the aging behavior of the Arabian asphalts.” Fuel 78 (99): 1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00018-6.
Singh, D., D. Sawant, and F. P. Xiao. 2017. “High and intermediate temperature performance evaluation of crumb rubber modified binders with RAP.” Transp. Geotech. 10 (Mar): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.10.003.
Wang, F., Y. Xiao, P. D. Cui, J. T. Lin, M. L. Li, and Z. W. Chen. 2020a. “Correlation of asphalt performance indicators and aging Degrees: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250 (Jul): 118824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118824.
Wang, H. N., Z. P. You, J. Mills-Beale, and P. W. Hao. 2012. “Laboratory evaluation on high temperature viscosity and low temperature stiffness of asphalt binder with high percent scrap tire rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.061.
Wang, J. Y., T. Wang, X. D. Hou, and F. P. Xiao. 2019. “Modelling of rheological and chemical properties of asphalt binder considering SARA fraction.” Fuel 238 (10): 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.126.
Wang, Q. Z., N. N. Wang, M. L. Tseng, Y. M. Huang, and N. L. Li. 2020b. “Waste tire recycling assessment: Road application potential and carbon emissions reduction analysis of crumb rubber modified asphalt in China.” J. Cleaner Prod. 249 (5): 119411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119411.
Wang, Z. J., Q. Wang, and T. Ai. 2014. “Comparative study on effects of binders and curing ages on properties of cement emulsified asphalt mixture using gray correlation entropy analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (12): 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.093.
Xie, Z. X., H. Rizvi, C. Purdy, A. Ali, and Y. Mehta. 2019. “Effect of rejuvenator types and mixing procedures on volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures with 50% RAP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 218 (5): 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.093.
Yan, K. Z., J. H. Chen, L. Y. You, and S. Tian. 2020a. “Characteristics of compound asphalt modified by waste tire rubber (WTR) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA): Conventional, rheological, and microstructural properties.” J. Cleaner Prod. 258 (12): 120732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120732.
Yan, K. Z., Y. Peng, and L. Y. You. 2020b. “Use of tung oil as a rejuvenating agent in aged asphalt: Laboratory evaluations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 239 (8): 117783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117783.
Yang, P., Q. Cong, and K. J. Liao. 2003. “Application of solubility parameter theory in evaluating the aging resistance of paving asphalts.” Pet. Sci. Technol. 21 (11–12): 1843–1850. https://doi.org/10.1081/LFT-120024565.
Yu, H. Y., Y. L. Chen, Q. Wu, L. T. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, J. H. Zhang, M. Miljković, and M. Oeser. 2020. “Decision support for selecting optimal method of recycling waste tire rubber into wax-based warm mix asphalt based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.” J. Cleaner Prod. 265 (12): 121781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121781.
Zahoor, M., S. Nizamuddin, S. Madapusi, and F. Giustozzi. 2021. “Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 278 (Jan): 123304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123304.
Zhang, J. Z., X. M. Zhang, M. Liang, H. G. Jiang, J. C. Wei, and Z. Y. Yao. 2020. “Influence of different rejuvenating agents on rheological behavior and dynamic response of recycled asphalt mixtures incorporating 60% RAP dosage.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Mar): 117778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117778.
Zhang, R., Z. P. You, H. N. Wang, X. Chen, C. D. Si, and C. Peng. 2018. “Using bio-based rejuvenator derived from waste wood to recycle old asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (8): 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.201.
Zheng, C. F., R. M. Li, M. J. Hu, and L. L. Zou. 2019. “Determination of low-temperature crack control parameter of binding asphalt materials based on gray correlation analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 217 (5): 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.065.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 1 • January 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 15, 2021
Accepted: May 6, 2022
Published online: Oct 31, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhi Suo, Zihao Zhao, Shi Yan, Jiangsan Hu, Hu Tao, Xu Shijie, Lei Nie, Component Changes and Mechanism of Cold Regeneration of Aged Asphalt Using Waste Vegetable Oils, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-18160, 36, 8, (2024).