Inhibitory Effects of Composite Fire Retardant Loaded in Porous Warm-Mix Agent on Asphalt Pyrolysis and Volatile Emission
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 10
Abstract
To reduce air pollution during asphalt pavement construction in road tunnels, and to increase fire safety of asphalt pavement when exposed to a tunnel fire, a porous warm-mix agent (WMA) was used to load composite fire retardant (CFR) for developing fire-retarding-type WMA (FWA). Then, the inhibition behaviors of CFR and FWA on asphalt pyrolysis and volatile emission were investigated by thermogravimetric mass spectrometry and nonisothermal pyrolysis kinetics, among other methods. Results indicate that many pore structures of WMA contain crystal water and provide necessary carrier space for loading CFR to prepare FWA. WMA improves the dispersion of CFR in asphalt. The asphalt pyrolysis is a single-stage thrmal decomposition reaction. The higher heating rate causes asphalt to release more heat and gaseous products. Additionally, the developed CFR effectively inhibits the pyrolysis behaviors of asphalt. As the temperature rises, the four fire retardant constituents in CFR are successively decomposed to synergistically inhibit the pyrolysis behaviors of asphalt in the condensed and gas phases. The mass loss of asphalt and the emission of pyrolysis volatiles are reduced. Also, WMA effectively promotes CFR to form a thicker and more pyknotic carbonization layer on asphalt, obviously improving the fire resistance of asphalt in the condensed phase. FWA modified asphalt has a higher thermal stability than CFR-modified asphalt. FWA hinders the nucleation and aggregation of gaseous products, effectively inhibiting the escape of toxic volatiles from asphalt. Finally, the emission of toxic volatiles at the construction temperature range of asphalt is effectively inhibited by FWA, reducing air pollution during asphalt pavement construction and lowering the harm to the health of construction workers.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978340), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210618), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (21KJB580003), and the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education for the Qing Lan Project. Also, we would like to thank the Advanced Analysis & Testing Center of Nanjing Forestry University for assistance with experiments.
References
ASTM. 2006a. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5-06. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2006b. Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). ASTM D36-06. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2006c. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM D4402-06. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2007. Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials. ASTM D113-07. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for separation of asphalt into four fractions. ASTM D4124-09. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup tester. ASTM D92-18. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bi, H., Z. Ni, and J. Tian. 2021. “The effect of biomass addition on pyrolysis characteristics and gas emission of coal gangue by multi-component reaction model and TG-FTIR-MS.” Sci. Total Environ. 798 (Dec): 149290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149290.
Bonati, A., F. Merusi, and G. Polacco. 2012. “Ignitability and thermal stability of asphalt binders and mastics for flexible pavements in highway tunnels.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 660–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.096.
Bourbigot, S., M. L. Bras, and R. Leeuwendal. 1999. “Recent advances in the use of zinc borates in flame retardancy of EVA.” Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 64 (3): 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00130-X.
Chen, R., J. Gong, and Y. Jiang. 2018. “Halogen-free flame retarded cold-mix epoxy asphalt binders: Rheological, thermal and mechanical characterization.” Constr. Build. Mater. 186 (Oct): 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.018.
Colella, F., G. Rein, and R. Borchiellini. 2011. “A novel multiscale methodology for simulating tunnel ventilation flows during fires.” Fire Technol. 47 (1): 221–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-010-0144-2.
Cong, P., J. Yu, and S. Wu. 2008. “Laboratory investigation of the properties of asphalt and its mixtures modified with flame retardant.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (6): 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.012.
Cui, X., S. Li, and J. Lou. 2015. “Dynamic responses and damage analyses of tunnel lining and errant large vehicle during collision.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 50 (Aug): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.05.011.
Dong, Q., G. Chong, and Y. Ding. 2011. “A polycarbonate/magnesium oxide nanocomposite with high flame retardancy.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 123 (2): 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34574.
Dou, G., and J. L. Goldfarb. 2017. “In situ upgrading of pyrolysis biofuels by bentonite clay with simultaneous production of heterogeneous adsorbents for water treatment.” Fuel 195 (May): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.052.
Eftekharian, E., A. Dastan, and O. Abouali. 2014. “A numerical investigation into the performance of two types of jet fans in ventilation of an urban tunnel under traffic jam condition.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 44 (Sep): 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.07.005.
Fan, C., L. Zhang, and S. Jiao. 2018. “Smoke spread characteristics inside a tunnel with natural ventilation under a strong environmental wind.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 82 (Dec): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.004.
Gao, L., and J. L. Goldfarb. 2019. “Solid waste to biofuels and heterogeneous sorbents via pyrolysis of wheat straw in the presence of fly ash as an in situ catalyst.” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 137 (Jan): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.014.
Gong, J., W. Fu, and B. Zhong. 2003. “A study on the pyrolysis of asphalt.” Fuel 82 (1): 49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00136-9.
Gu, F., R. Moraes, and C. Chen. 2021. “Effects of additional antistrip additives on durability and moisture susceptibility of granite-based open-graded friction course.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (9): 04021245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003862.
Jamal, A., and A. M. Mebel. 2010. “An ab initio/RRKM study of the reaction mechanism and product branching ratios of the reactions of ethynyl radical with allene and methylacetylene.” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 (11): 2606–2618. https://doi.org/10.1039/b920977h.
Jamshidi, A., M. O. Hamzah, and Z. You. 2013. “Performance of warm mix asphalt containing Sasobit®: State-of-the-art.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 530–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.015.
Khalili, P., X. Liu, and K. Y. Tshai. 2019. “Development of fire retardancy of natural fiber composite encouraged by a synergy between zinc borate and ammonium polyphosphate.” Composites, Part B 159 (Feb): 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.036.
Lan, G., J. Li, and G. Zhang. 2021. “Thermal decomposition mechanism study of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): Combined TG-FTIR-MS techniques and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations.” Fuel 295 (Jul): 120655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120655.
Laoutid, F., L. Bonnaud, and M. Alexandre. 2009. “New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: From fundamentals to nanocomposites.” Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 63 (3): 100–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.002.
León, C. 1998. “New perspectives in mercury porosimetry.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 76–77 (Jul): 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00052-9.
Li, L., Y. Gao, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Crack length based healing characterization of bitumen at different levels of cracking damage.” J. Cleaner Prod. 258 (Jun): 120709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120709.
Li, R., K. Zhang, and J. Wu. 2019. “Performance of warm-mixed flame retardant modified asphalt binder.” Appl. Sci. Basel 9 (7): 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071491.
Li, Y., J. Bian, and J. Li. 2014a. “Research on smoke flow in a tunnel fire of subway system.” Procedia Eng. 71 (Jan): 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.056.
Li, Y., S. Liu, and Z. Xue. 2014b. “Experimental research on combined effects of flame retardant and warm mixture asphalt additive on asphalt binders and bituminous mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (Mar): 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.058.
Liang, Y., J. Yu, and Z. Feng. 2013. “Flammability and thermal properties of bitumen with aluminium trihydroxide and expanded vermiculite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.074.
Liu, Q., S. Yang, and Z. Liu. 2021. “Comparison of TG-MS and GC-simulated distillation for determination of the boiling point distribution of various oils.” Fuel 301 (Oct): 121088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121088.
Miura, K., and T. Maki. 1998. “A simple method for estimating f(E) and k0(E) in the distributed activation energy model.” Energy Fuel 12 (5): 864–869. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef970212q.
Mohd Hasan, M. R., Z. You, and X. Yang. 2017. “Quantification of physicochemical properties, activation energy, and temperature susceptibility of foamed asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 153 (Oct): 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.123.
Omairey, E. L., F. Gu, and Y. Zhang. 2021. “An equation-based multiphysics modelling framework for oxidative ageing of asphalt pavements.” J. Cleaner Prod. 280 (Jan): 124401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124401.
Pei, J., Y. Wen, and Y. Li. 2014. “Flame-retarding effects and combustion properties of asphalt binder blended with organomontmorillonite and alumina trihydrate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 72 (Dec): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.013.
Rodrigues, Y. O., D. B. Costa, and L. C. de Figueirêdo Lopes Lucena. 2017. “Performance of warm mix asphalt containing Moringa oleifera Lam seeds oil: Rheological and mechanical properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 154 (Nov): 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.194.
Sheng, Y., Y. Wu, and Y. Yan. 2020. “Development of environmentally friendly flame retardant to achieve low flammability for asphalt binder used in tunnel pavements.” J. Cleaner Prod. 257 (Jun): 120487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120487.
Tang, B., and U. Isacsson. 2005. “Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in asphalt release agents using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.” J. Chromatogr. A 1069 (2): 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.011.
Tang, F., L. J. Li, and F. Z. Mei. 2016. “Thermal smoke back-layering flow length with ceiling extraction at upstream side of fire source in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 106 (Aug): 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.173.
Thives, L. P., and E. Ghisi. 2017. “Asphalt mixtures emission and energy consumption: A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 72 (May): 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.087.
Tomar, M. S., and S. Khurana. 2019. “Impact of passive fire protection on heat release rates in road tunnel fire: A review.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 85 (Mar): 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.018.
Vand, V. 1943. “A theory of the irreversible electrical resistance changes of metallic films evaporated in vacuum.” Proc. Phys. Soc. 55 (3): 222–246. https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-5309/55/3/308.
Wang, M., P. Li, T. Nian, and Y. Mao. 2021a. “An overview of studies on the hazards, component analysis and suppression of fumes in asphalt and asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 289 (Jun): 123185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123185.
Wang, S. W., L. Z. Tan, and T. Xu. 2021b. “Compounding scheme optimization of composite flame retardant and its synergistic inhibitory effects on bituminous combustion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)17MT.1943-5533.0004300.
Washburn, E. W. 1921. “The dynamics of capillary flow.” Phys. Rev. Ser. 17 (3): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.17.273.
Weng, M., X. Lu, and F. Liu. 2015. “Prediction of backlayering length and critical velocity in metro tunnel fires.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 47 (Mar): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.12.010.
Wesoowski, M. 1981. “Thermal analysis of petroleum products.” Thermochim. Acta 46 (1): 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(81)85074-5.
Xia, W., S. Wang, and T. Xu. 2021. “Flame retarding and smoke suppressing mechanisms of nano composite flame retardants on bitumen and bituminous mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 266 (Jan): 121203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121203.
Xiao, F., R. Guo, and J. Wang. 2019. “Flame retardant and its influence on the performance of asphalt—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 212 (Jul): 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.118.
Xu, T., and X. Huang. 2010. “A TG-FTIR investigation into smoke suppression mechanism of magnesium hydroxide in asphalt combustion process.” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 87 (2): 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.12.008.
Xu, T., H. Wang, and X. Huang. 2013. “Inhibitory action of flame retardant on the dynamic evolution of asphalt pyrolysis volatiles.” Fuel 105 (Mar): 757–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.029.
Yan, H., W. R. Cannon, and D. J. Shanefield. 1998. “Thermal decomposition behavior of poly(propylene carbonate).” Ceram. Int. 24 (6): 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(97)00032-1.
Yang, W., L. Song, and Y. Hu. 2011. “Investigations of thermal degradation behavior and fire performance of halogen-free flame retardant poly(1,4-butylenetere phthalate) composites.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 122 (3): 1480–1488. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34119.
Yang, X., A. Shen, and Y. Su. 2020. “Effects of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) on asphalt fume emission and flame retardancy properties of SBS-modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 236 (Mar): 117576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117576.
Yao, Y., Y. Z. Li, and A. Lönnermark. 2019. “Study of tunnel fires during construction using a model scale tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 89 (Jul): 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.03.017.
Yu, J., P. Cong, and S. Wu. 2009. “Investigation of the properties of asphalt and its mixtures containing flame retardant modifier.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6): 2277–2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.11.013.
Zelelew, H., C. Paugh, and M. Corrigan. 2013. “Laboratory evaluation of the mechanical properties of plant-produced warm-mix asphalt mixtures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (1): 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.735799.
Zhang, C., T. Xu, and H. Shi. 2015. “Physicochemical and pyrolysis properties of SARA fractions separated from asphalt binder.” J. Therm. Anal. 137 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7947-7.
Zhang, Q., Q. Li, and L. Zhang. 2014. “Experimental and kinetic investigation of the pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification of deoiled asphalt.” J. Therm. Anal. 115 (2): 1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3370-2.
Zhao, B., L. Chen, and J. Long. 2013. “Aluminum hypophosphite versus alkyl-substituted phosphinate in polyamide 6: Flame retardance, thermal degradation, and pyrolysis behavior.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (8): 2875–2886. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303446s.
Zhou, T., J. Liu, and Q. Chen. 2017. “Characteristics of smoke movement with forced ventilation by movable fan in a tunnel fire.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 64: 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.01.013.
Zhu, H., Q. Zhu, and J. Li. 2011. “Synergistic effect between expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retarded polylactide.” Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 96 (2): 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.11.017.
Zhu, K., K. Wu, and B. Wu. 2014. “Investigations of the montmorillonite and aluminium trihydrate addition effects on the ignitability and thermal stability of asphalt.” J. Chem. 2014 (Jan): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/847435.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 30, 2021
Accepted: Jan 27, 2022
Published online: Jul 22, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Yangwei Tan, Jianguang Xie, Zhanqi Wang, Xiang Li, Zhaoyi He, Effect of surfactant modified nano-composite flame retardant on the combustion and viscosity-temperature properties of asphalt binder and mixture, Powder Technology, 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118188, 420, (118188), (2023).