Experimental Modeling for Time-Dependent Strength Behavior of Lignosulfonate-Treated High Plasticity Clay
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 7
Abstract
Traditional chemical stabilizers have been widely used for decades in order to enhance the strength and compressibility of soil. However, such stabilizers have been observed to create severe problems related to soil characteristics, groundwater quality, and also make the soil excessively brittle in nature. In the present study, lignosulfonate (a by-product from the timber industry) has been used to stabilize high plasticity clay and its influence on stress-strain behavior and unconfined compressive strength was investigated at different dosages of lignosulfonate and curing periods. From the test results, a logarithmic model was developed to predict the time-dependent strength behavior of lignosulfonate-treated high plasticity clay. In addition, the rate of strength development models were also proposed as a function of the lignosulfonate–to–dry soil mass ratio and time in order to illustrate the accumulation of strength gain during the different curing stages. The regression coefficients were determined from the proposed models and their correlation with the different parameters has been explained.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Alazigha, D. P., B. Indraratna, J. S. Vinod, and L. E. Ezeajugh. 2016. “The swelling behaviour of lignosulfonate-treated expansive soil.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 169 (3): 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.15.00002.
Bi, J., and S. C. Chian. 2020. “Modelling of three-phase strength development of ordinary Portland cement- and Portland blast-furnace cement-stabilised clay.” Géotechnique 70 (1): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.18.P.087.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1980. Methods of test for soils—Part VII: Determination of water content–dry density relation using light compaction. IS 2720–Part VII. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1985. Methods of test for soils—Part IV: Grain size analysis. IS 2720–Part IV. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1991. Methods of test for soils—Part VII: Determination of unconfined compressive strength. IS 2720–Part VII. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Chen, B. 2004. “Polymer–clay nanocomposites: An overview with emphasis on interaction mechanisms.” Br. Ceram. Trans. 103 (6): 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804X4592.
Chen, Q., and B. Indraratna. 2015. “Deformation behavior of lignosulfonate-treated sandy silt under cyclic loading.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 141 (1): 06014015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001210.
Chen, Q., B. Indraratna, J. Carter, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. 2014. “A theoretical and experimental study on the behaviour of lignosulfonate-treated sandy silt.” Comput. Geotech. 61 (Sep): 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.06.010.
Chew, S. H., A. H. M. Kamruzzaman, and F. H. Lee. 2004. “Physicochemical and engineering behavior of cement treated clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (7): 696–706. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:7(696).
Croft, J. B. 1967. “The influence of soil mineralogical composition on cement stabilization.” Géotechnique 17 (2): 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.119.
Horpibulsuk, S., N. Miura, and T. S. Nagaraj. 2003. “Assessment of strength development in cement-admixed high water content clays with Abrams’ law as a basis.” Géotechnique 53 (4): 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.4.439.
Indraratna, B., R. Athukorala, and J. Vinod. 2013. “Estimating the rate of erosion of a silty sand treated with lignosulfonate.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (5): 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000766.
Indraratna, B., T. Muttuvel, H. Khabbaz, and R. Armstrong. 2008. “Predicting the erosion rate of chemically treated soil using a process simulation apparatus for internal crack erosion.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134 (6): 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:6(837).
Miura, N., S. Horpibulsuk, and T. S. Nagaraj. 2001. “Engineering behaviour of cement stabilized clay at high water contents.” Soils Found. 41 (5): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.5_33.
Nalbantoglu, Z., and E. R. Tuncer. 2001. “Compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of chemically treated expansive clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 38 (1): 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-076.
Puppala, A. J., and S. Hanchanloet. 1999. Evaluation of a new chemical treatment method on strength and resilient properties of a cohesive soil. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Rahman, M., M. Taiyab, A. Siddique, and K. Uddin. 2008. “A shortcut method for predicting strength of cement treated soft Bangladesh clays and the alteration of other engineering parameters.” Geotech. Eng. 39 (3): 159–167.
Rollings, R. S., J. P. Burkes, and M. P. Rollings. 1999. “Sulfate attack on cement-stabilized sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (5): 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:5(364).
Roshan, K., A. J. Choobbasti, and S. S. Kutanaei. 2020. “Evaluation of the impact of fiber reinforcement on the durability of lignosulfonate stabilized clayey sand under wet-dry condition.” Transp. Geotech. 23 (Jun): 100359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100359.
Sariosseiri, F., and B. Muhunthan. 2009. “Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington State soils.” Eng. Geol. 104 (1–2): 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003.
Sarkanen, K. V., and C. H. Ludwig. 1971. Lignins: Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. New York: Wiley.
Sherwood, P. T. 1993. Soil stabilization with cement and lime: State-of the art review. London: Transport Research Laboratory, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Subramanian, S., Q. Khan, and T. Ku. 2019. “Strength development and prediction of calcium sulfoaluminate treated sand with optimized gypsum for replacing OPC in ground improvement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 202 (Mar): 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.121.
Ta’negonbadi, B., and R. Noorzad. 2017. “Stabilization of clayey soil using lignosulfonate.” Transp. Geotech. 12 (Sep): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.08.004.
Tingle, J. S., and R. L. Santori. 2003. “Stabilization of clay soils with nontraditional additives.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1819 (1): 72–84. https://doi.org/10.3141/1819b-10.
Vinod, J. S., and B. Indraratna. 2011. “A conceptual model for lignosulfonate treated soils.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. of the Int. Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, edited by N. Khalili and M. Oeser, 296–300. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety.
Vinod, J. S., B. Indraratna, and M. A. Al Mahamud. 2010. “Stabilization of an erodible soil using a chemical admixture.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 163 (1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2010.163.1.43.
Zhang, R. J., A. M. Santoso, T. S. Tan, and K. K. Phoon. 2013. “Strength of high water-content marine clay stabilized by low amount of cement.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (12): 2170–2181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000951.
Zhang, T., S. Liu, G. Cai, and A. J. Puppala. 2015. “Experimental investigation of thermal and mechanical properties of lignin treated silt.” Eng. Geol. 196 (Sep): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.07.003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 7 • July 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 24, 2021
Accepted: Nov 22, 2021
Published online: Apr 25, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Sep 25, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.