Combined Effect of Pressurized Water and Sustained Load on Self-Healing of Engineered Cementitious Composite Panels
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation on the water tightness/self-healing of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) elements subjected to direct tension cracking and exposed to the coupled effect of sustained loading and pressurized water. A setup was presented to simulate a wall segment of liquid containing structures subjected to direct tensile forces. The experimental program included ECC panels with different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), comprising fly ash Class-F, fly ash Class-C, and granulated blast furnace slag. Each panel was subjected to direct tensile load to induce full depth cracks and then a leakage test was carried out under sustained load and various water pressures. To consider the effect of ECC composition on the cracking/self-healing behavior of panels exposed to loading and pressurized water, the leakage rate was continuously studied until complete sealing. Additionally, a detailed microstructural analysis was completed on full depth drilled cores, in which the samples were taken from three layers of the healed cracks to investigate the influence of pressurized water on the self-healing products. The results of this study confirmed the high effect of water pressure and SCM type on the self-sealing capability of ECC, especially after the first 30 h of leakage. The fly ash-ECC panel was shown with lower crack opening and leakage rates, which also resulted in greater cracking/self-healing behavior under coupled sustained loading and high-water pressure. Different concentrations of and C-S-H/CH products were found in each crack mouth and elevation, indicating that self-healing under pressurized water likely developed from the core and bottom areas to the top layer of crack lines.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
Financial support received by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) is acknowledged.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2001. Code requirements for environmental engineering concrete structures (ACI 350-01) and commentary (ACI 350R-01): An ACI standard. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ahn, T.-H., and T. Kishi. 2010. “Crack self-healing behavior of cementitious composites incorporating various mineral admixtures.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 8 (2): 171–186. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.8.171.
ASTM. 2012. Specification for portland cement. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021a. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2021b. Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Chindasiriphan, P., H. Yokota, and P. Pimpakan. 2020. “Effect of fly ash and superabsorbent polymer on concrete self-healing ability.” Constr. Build. Mater. 233 (Feb): 116975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116975.
Deluce, J. R., and F. J. Vecchio. 2013. “Cracking behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete members containing conventional reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J. 110 (3): 2013.
Edvardsen, C. 1999. “Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 96 (4): 473–478.
Fischer, G., and V. C. Li. 2002. “Influence of matrix ductility on tension-stiffening behavior of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC).” ACI Struct. J. 99 (1): 104–111.
Helmy, A. I. I., and M. P. Collins. 2016. “Behavior of reinforced concrete cylindrical shells subjected to external hydrostatic water pressure.” Struct. J. 113 (5): 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689025.
Herbert, E. N. 2016. Development and application of self-healing engineered cementitious composites (ECC) for durable and sustainable infrastructure. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Herbert, E. N., and V. C. Li. 2012. “Self-healing of engineered cementitious composites in the natural environment.” In Proc., High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6, 155–162. Berlin: Springer.
Hooshmand, A., and M. R. Kianoush. 2018. Cracking behavior of base restrained reinforced concrete walls under temperature and shrinkage strains. Fredericton, Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Huang, H., G. Ye, and D. Damidot. 2013. “Characterization and quantification of self-healing behaviors of microcracks due to further hydration in cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Res. 52 (Oct): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.003.
Huang, H., G. Ye, C. Qian, and E. Schlangen. 2016. “Self-healing in cementitious materials: Materials, methods and service conditions.” Mater. Des. 92 (Feb): 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.091.
Javanmardi, F., P. Léger, and R. Tinawi. 2005. “Seismic water pressure in cracked concrete gravity dams: Experimental study and theoretical modeling.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (1): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:1(139).
Jun, P., and V. Mechtcherine. 2010. “Behaviour of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) under monotonic and cyclic tensile loading: Part 1—Experimental investigations.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (10): 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.019.
Kan, L.-L., H.-S. Shi, A. R. Sakulich, and V. C. Li. 2010. “Self-healing characterization of engineered cementitious composite materials.” Mater. J. 107 (6): 619–626.
Kianoush, M. R., M. Acarcan, and A. Ziari. 2008. “Behavior of base restrained reinforced concrete walls under volumetric change.” Eng. Struct. 30 (6): 1526–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.10.009.
Lepech, M., and V. C. Li. 2005. “Water permeability of cracked cementitious composites.” In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Fracture. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Li, G., and X. Zhao. 2003. “Properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 25 (3): 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00058-6.
Li, V. 2011. “High-ductility concrete for resilient infrastructures.” J. Adv. High-Perform. Mater. 1 (1): 16–21.
Li, V. C. 1993. “From micromechanics to structural engineering—The design of cementitious composites for civil engineering applications.” J. Struct. Mech. Earthquake Eng. 10 (2): 37–48.
Ma, H., S. Qian, and Z. Zhang. 2014. “Effect of self-healing on water permeability and mechanical property of medium-early-strength engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.065.
Micallef, M., R. L. Vollum, and B. A. Izzuddin. 2017. “Crack development in transverse loaded base-restrained reinforced concrete walls.” Eng. Struct. 143 (Jul): 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.035.
Özbay, E., M. Şahmaran, H. E. Yücel, T. K. Erdem, M. Lachemi, and V. C. Li. 2013. Effect of sustained flexural loading on self-healing of engineered cementitious composites. Tokyo: Japan Concrete Institute.
Öztürk, O., G. Yıldırım, Ü. S. Keskin, H. Siad, and M. Şahmaran. 2019. “Nano-tailored multi-functional cementitious composites.” Composites, Part B 182 (Feb): 107670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107670.
Qian, S., J. Zhou, M. R. de Rooij, E. Schlangen, G. Ye, and K. van Breugel. 2009. “Self-healing behavior of strain hardening cementitious composites incorporating local waste materials.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (9): 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.03.003.
Qiu, J., H. S. Tan, and E. H. Yang. 2016. “Coupled effects of crack width, slag content, and conditioning alkalinity on autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 73 (Oct): 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.07.013.
Rashed, A., M. Rogowsky David, and A. E. Elwi. 2000. “Tests on reinforced partially prestressed concrete tank walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 126 (6): 675–683. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:6(675).
Reinhardt, H.-W., and M. Jooss. 2003. “Permeability and self-healing of cracked concrete as a function of temperature and crack width.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (7): 981–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01099-2.
Réthoré, J., R. de Borst, and M.-A. Abellan. 2008. “A two-scale model for fluid flow in an unsaturated porous medium with cohesive cracks.” Comput. Mech. 42 (2): 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-007-0178-6.
Saeed Muneer, K., K. Rahman Muhammad, H. Baluch Mohammed, and A. Tooti Lutf. 2020. “Cracking in concrete water tank due to restrained shrinkage and heat of hydration: Field investigations and 3D finite element simulation.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 34 (1): 04019100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001356.
Sahmaran, M., G. Yildirim, and T. K. Erdem. 2013. “Self-healing capability of cementitious composites incorporating different supplementary cementitious materials.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 35 (1): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.013.
Schlangen, E. 2010. “Fracture mechanics. CT5146 Lecture Notes. In: Hua X. Selfhealing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) in concrete repair system.” Master thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Siad, H., A. Alyousif, O. K. Keskin, S. B. Keskin, M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, and K. M. A. Hossain. 2015. “Influence of limestone powder on mechanical, physical and self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.007.
Siad, H., M. Lachemi, M. Sahmaran, H. A. Mesbah, and K. A. Hossain. 2018. “Advanced engineered cementitious composites with combined self-sensing and self-healing functionalities.” Constr. Build. Mater. 176 (Jul): 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.026.
Van Tittelboom, K., E. Gruyaert, H. Rahier, and N. De Belie. 2012. “Influence of mix composition on the extent of autogenous crack healing by continued hydration or calcium carbonate formation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.026.
Wu, M., B. Johannesson, and M. Geiker. 2012. “A review: Self-healing in cementitious materials and engineered cementitious composite as a self-healing material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.086.
Yang, E.-H., Y. Yang, and V. C. Li. 2007. “Use of high volumes of fly ash to improve ECC mechanical properties and material greenness.” Mater. J. 104 (6): 620–628.
Yang, Y., M. D. Lepech, E.-H. Yang, and V. C. Li. 2009. “Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet–dry cycles.” Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (5): 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.013.
Ye, H., X. Gao, R. Wang, and H. Wang. 2017. “Relationship among particle characteristic, water film thickness and flowability of fresh paste containing different mineral admixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 153 (Apr): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.093.
Yildirim, G., A. Alyousif, M. Şahmaran, and M. Lachemi. 2015. “Assessing the self-healing capability of cementitious composites under increasing sustained loading.” Adv. Cem. Res. 27 (10): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.14.00111.
Yu, K., L. Li, J. Yu, Y. Wang, J. Ye, and Q. Xu. 2018. “Direct tensile properties of engineered cementitious composites: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (Aug): 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.124.
Zhang, W., Q. Zheng, A. Ashour, and B. Han. 2020. “Self-healing cement concrete composites for resilient infrastructures: A review.” Composites, Part B 189 (May): 107892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107892.
Zhang, Z., S. Qian, and H. Ma. 2014. “Investigating mechanical properties and self-healing behavior of micro-cracked ECC with different volume of fly ash.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.001.
Zhang, Z., and Q. Zhang. 2017. “Self-healing ability of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under different exposure environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.166.
Zhou, J., S. Qian, M. G. Sierra Beltran, G. Ye, K. van Breugel, and V. C. Li. 2010. “Development of engineered cementitious composites with limestone powder and blast furnace slag.” Mater. Struct. 43 (6): 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9549-0.
Ziari, A., and M. R. Kianoush. 2009. “Investigation of direct tension cracking and leakage in RC elements.” Eng. Struct. 31 (2): 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.09.011.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 3 • March 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 21, 2020
Accepted: Jun 30, 2021
Published online: Dec 20, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 20, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Vanessa Cappellesso, Davide di Summa, Pardis Pourhaji, Niranjan Prabhu Kannikachalam, Kiran Dabral, Liberato Ferrara, Maria Cruz Alonso, Esteban Camacho, Elke Gruyaert, Nele De Belie, A review of the efficiency of self-healing concrete technologies for durable and sustainable concrete under realistic conditions, International Materials Reviews, 10.1080/09506608.2022.2145747, (1-48), (2023).
- Cong Zhang, Lishan Wu, Zhihui Yu, Jiaming Gu, Neven Ukrainczyk, Jingming Cai, Effect of Roughness on the Bond Behavior between Ultrahigh-Performance Engineered Cementitious Composites and Old Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15735, 35, 8, (2023).