Prediction of (Steel-Glass) Fiber/Concrete Interfacial Friction Properties in FRC Composites Using Calibration Method and Evaluation of Fiber Diameter Role
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper presents a series of single fiber pull-out tests on steel and glass fiber embedded in a cementitious matrix. First, the phase of fiber sliding in the concrete matrix was defined using a shear lag model; then, governing equations for the sliding mechanism were derived using the analytical model. FEM analysis was then used to calibrate the frictional coefficient. Further analysis related to the pressure exerted on the fiber by the surrounding concrete revealed that a smaller fiber diameter would improve bond strength. In terms of the relationship between pressure from the surrounding concrete and the diameter of the fiber, the results showed that a smaller fiber diameter would increase the matrix pressure; improved frictional bond strength and behavior would be expected compared to larger fiber diameters. The results also showed that decreasing fiber diameter by 75% would improve the frictional bond strength by as much as 300% for smooth and straight steel fiber, whereas reducing the fiber diameter by 66% would improve the frictional bond strength by 190% for single glass fibers. In addition, the results showed that a smaller diameter of the fiber improves interfacial properties between the fiber and concrete in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) composites.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirement for reinforced concrete. ACI 318-14. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Alam, M. D. J. I., S. R. Lo, and M. R. Karim. 2014. “Pull-out behaviour of steel grid soil reinforcement embedded in silty sand.” Comput. Geotech. 56 (Mar): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.12.004.
Babuška, I., U. Banerjee, and J. E. Osborn. 2004. “Generalized finite element methods: Main ideas, results, and perspective.” Int. J. Comput. Methods 1 (1): 67–103. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219876204000083.
Banholzer, B., W. Brameshuber, and W. Jung. 2005. “Analytical simulation of pull-out tests—The direct problem.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 27 (1): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.006.
Barbosa, M. T. G., and S. S. Filho. 2013. “Investigation of bond stress in pull out specimens with high strength concrete.” Global J. Res. Eng. Civ. Struct. Eng. 13 (3): 54–64.
Beckert, W., and B. Lauke. 1996. “Finite element calculation of energy release rate for single-fibre pull-out test.” Comput. Mater. Sci. 5 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0256(95)00052-6.
Bilisik, K. 2011. “Properties of yarn pull-out in para-aramid fabric structure and analysis by statistical model.” Composites, Part A 42 (12): 1930–1942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.018.
Cox, H. L. 1952. “The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials.” Br. J. Appl. Phys. 3 (3): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/3/3/302.
Curtin, W. A. 1991. “Theory of mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74 (28): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06852.x.
Dong, W., W. Li, K. Wang, Y. Guo, D. Sheng, and S. P. Shah. 2020. “Piezoresistivity enhancement of functional carbon black filled cement-based sensor using polypropylene fibre.” Powder Technol. 373 (Aug): 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.029.
Fachvereinigung Faserbeton. 1995. Glassfibre reinforced concrete: Practical design and structural analysis. Verl, Germany: Beton-Verl.
Gokoz, U. N., and A. E. Naaman. 1981. “Effect of strain-rate on the pull-out behaviour of fibres in mortar.” Int. J. Cem. Compos. Light. Concr. 3 (3): 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(81)90051-8.
Guerrero, P., and A. E. Naaman. 2000. “Effect of mortar fineness and adhesive agents on pullout response of steel fibers.” ACI Struct. J. 97 (1): 12–20.
Hull, D., and T. W. Clyne. 1996. An introduction to composite materials. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Humbert, J., J. Baroth, and L. Daudeville. 2010. “Probabilistic analysis of a pull-out test.” Mater. Struct. 43 (3): 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9493-z.
Jewell, R. B., K. C. Mahboub, T. L. Robl, and A. C. Bathke. 2015. “Interfacial bond between reinforcing fibers and calcium sulfoaluminate cements: Fiber pullout characteristics.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687234.
Khabaz, A. 2014a. “Determination of friction coefficient between glass fiber and the concrete Fri (GF.C).” Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 3 (6): 321–324. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.17.
Khabaz, A. 2014b. Non-metallic fiber reinforced concrete. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Khabaz, A. 2015a. “2D Investigation of bonding forces of straight steel fiber in concrete.” Open Access Lib. J. 2 (10): e1991. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101991.
Khabaz, A. 2015b. “Determination of friction coefficient between straight steel fiber and the concrete Fri (SSF.C).” Adv. Mater. 4 (Feb): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20150402.11.
Khabaz, A. 2016a. “Impact of fiber shape on mechanical behavior of steel fiber in fiber reinforced concrete FRC.” World J. Eng. Phys. Sci. 3: 1–6.
Khabaz, A. 2016b. “Monitoring of impact of hooked ends on mechanical behavior of steel fiber in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 113 (15): 857–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.142.
Khabaz, A. 2016c. “Performance evaluation of corrugated steel fiber in cementitious matrix.” Constr. Build. Mater. 128 (Dec): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.094.
Khabaz, A. 2017a. “Analysis of sliding mechanism of straight steel fibers in concrete and determine the effect of friction.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 17 (3): 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2017.01.005.
Khabaz, A. 2017b. “Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of development length of straight steel fiber in cementitious materials.” Compos. Interfaces 24 (5): 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2016.1230999.
Kim, D. J., S. El-Tawil, and A. E. Naaman. 2008. “Loading rate effect on pullout behavior of deformed fibers.” ACI Mater. J. 105 (6): 576–584.
Kim, D. J., S. El-Tawil, and A. E. Naaman. 2010. “Effect of matrix strength on pullout behavior of high-strength deformed steel fibers.” ACI Spec. Publ. 272 (Oct): 135–150.
Kim, J. J., D. J. Kim, S. T. Kang, and J. H. Lee. 2012. “Influence of sand to coarse aggregate ratio on the interfacial bond strength of steel fibers in concrete for nuclear power plant.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 252 (Nov): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2012.07.004.
Koyanagi, J., H. Nakatani, and S. Ogihara. 2012. “Comparison of glass-epoxy interface strengths examined by cruciform specimen and single-fiber pull-out tests under combined stress state.” Composites, Part A 43 (11): 1819–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.06.018.
Krasnikovs, A., A. Khabaz, G. Shahmenko, and V. Ā. Lapsa. 2008. “Glass and carbon fiber concrete micromechanical and macromechanical properties.” Proc. Riga Tech. Univ. Transp. Eng. 28: 132–141.
Krasnikovs, A., O. Kononova, A. Khabaz, and J. Vība. 2010. “Fiber concrete non-linear fracture control through fresh concrete flow numerical simulation.” J. Vibroengineering 12 (2): 149–160.
Landis, C. M., and R. M. McMeeking. 1999. “A shear-lag model for a broken fiber embedded in a composite with a ductile matrix.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 59 (3): 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00091-8.
Li, Y., Y. L. Liu, X. H. Peng, C. Yan, S. Liu, and N. Hu. 2011. “Pull-out simulations on interfacial properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites.” Comput. Mater. Sci. 50 (6): 1854–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.01.029.
Lin, Z., and V. C. Li. 1997. “Crack bridging in fiber reinforced cementitious composites with slip-hardening interfaces.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 45 (5): 763–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(96)00095-6.
Logan, D. L. 2011. A first course in the finite element method. Platteville, WI: Univ. of Wisconsin.
Morlin, B., L. M. Vas, and T. Czigany. 2013. “Investigation of fiber/matrix adhesion: Test speed and specimen shape effects in the cylinder test.” J. Mater. Sci. 48 (8): 3185–3191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7097-4.
Mpalaskas, A. C., I. Vasilakos, T. E. Matikas, H. K. Chai, and D. G. Aggelis. 2014. “Monitoring of the fracture mechanisms induced by pull-out and compression in concrete.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 128 (Sep): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.07.020.
Naaman, A. E., and H. Najm. 1991. “Bond-slip mechanisms of steel fibers in concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 88 (2): 135–145.
Park, P., S. El-Tawil, and A. E. Naam. 2017. “Pull-out behavior of straight steel fibers from asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (Jul): 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.159.
Park, S. H., G. S. Ryu, K. T. Koh, and D. J. Kim. 2014. “Effect of shrinkage reducing agent on pullout resistance of high-strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 49 (May): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.12.012.
Parka, J. K., T. T. Ngob, and D. J. Kim. 2019. “Interfacial bond characteristics of steel fibers embedded in cementitious composites at high rates.” Cem. Concr. Res. 123 (Sep): 105802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105802.
Reddy, J. 2014. Introduction to the finite element method. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Redon, C., V. C. Li, C. Wu, H. Hoshiro, T. Saito, and A. Ogawa. 2001. “Measuring and modifying interface properties of PVA fibers in ECC matrix.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 13 (6): 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:6(399).
Song, C., and J. P. Wolf. 1997. “The scaled boundary finite-element method—alias consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method—for elastodynamics.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 147 (3–4): 329–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(97)00021-2.
Tuyan, M., and H. Yazici. 2012. “Pull-out behavior of single steel fiber from SIFCON matrix.” Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Oct): 571–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.110.
Yang, E.-H., and V. C. Li. 2014. “Strain-rate effects on the tensile behavior of strain-hardening cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (Feb): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.013.
Zhandarov, S., and E. Mäder. 2014. “An alternative method of determining the Local interfacial shear strength from force-displacement curves in the pull-out and microbond tests.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 55 (Dec): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.07.006.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., R. L. Taylor, and J. Z. Zhu. 2013. The finite element method: Its basis and fundamentals. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 28, 2020
Accepted: Jun 17, 2021
Published online: Nov 24, 2021
Published in print: Feb 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Apr 24, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Amjad Khabaz, Pull-off bond strength of novel wide rounded ends fiber and impact of fiber stretching on fiber/matrix frictional-slip bond strength, Composite Interfaces, 10.1080/09276440.2022.2120733, 30, 4, (393-423), (2022).