Thermal Effect of Welding on Mechanical Behavior of High-Strength Steel
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 8
Abstract
In this study, an experimental investigation of the thermal effect of welding on the mechanical behavior of thermomechanical control process (TMCP) high-strength steel (HSS) Q690CFD is carried out. Twenty-four specimens in four groups with different welding heat input, strength mismatch ratio of weld filler and base material, heat treatment condition [preheating (PH) and postweld heat treatment (PWHT)], as well as mechanical boundary condition during the welding process are designed and tested. The thermal history and cooling rate are monitored and analyzed. The welding residual stress near the weld toe and the microstructure of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), as well as Vickers hardness, are respectively examined with the ASTM hole-drilling method, metallurgical microscope observation, and Vickers hardness tests. The effect of heat input (), mismatch ratio (), heat treatment, and mechanical boundary conditions on welding residual stress, microstructure, and hardness of the HAZ is investigated. The effect of welding heat input on the tensile behavior of the TMCP HSS is studied. Results indict that different heat inputs could have varied cooling times and cooling rates and hence could produce different distributions of residual stress. When the same PH and PWHT is applied, the heat treatment could have better stress-relief effect for the specimens without mismatching. In addition, the width of the HAZ increases steadily with the increase in heat input. A good yield and ultimate strength prediction from hardness can be observed for base steel and welded connections.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the Scientific Research Start-up Funding of Guangzhou University, Natural Science Foundation Funding of Guangdong Province (No. 2018A030310070) and Natural Science Foundation Funding of China (51678313). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those solely of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of Guangzhou University.
References
AISC. 2010. Specification for structural steel buildings. Chicago: AISC.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for determining residual stresses by hole-drilling strain-gage method. ASTM E837-13a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
AWS (American Welding Society). 2008. Structural welding code-steel. AWS D1.1. Miami: AWS.
Billingham, J., J. V. Sharp, J. Spurrier, and P. J. Kilgallon. 2003. Review of the performance of high strength steels used offshore. Cranfield Univ. for the Health and Safety Executive.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Design of steel structures—Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 1993-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chinese Standards. 2018. National Standard of China: High strength low alloy structural steels. GB/T 1591. Beijing: Standardization Administration of China.
Dong, H., X. Hao, and D. Deng. 2014. “Effect of welding heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of HSLA steel joint.” Metall. Microstruct. Anal. 3 (2): 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-014-0130-z.
Fang, H., T. M. Chan, and B. Young. 2018. “Material properties and residual stresses of octagonal high strength steel hollow sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 148 (Sep): 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.06.007.
Farabi, N., D. L. Chen, J. Li, Y. Zhou, and S. J. Dong. 2010. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded DP600 steel joints.” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527 (4–5): 1215–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.09.051.
Gunaraj, V., and N. Murugan. 2002. “Prediction of heat-affected zone characteristics in submerged arc welding of structural steel pipes.” Welding J. 81 (3): 94–98.
Hu, J., L. X. Du, J. J. Wang, and C. R. Gao. 2013. “Effect of welding heat input on microstructures and toughness in simulated CGHAZ of V–N high strength steel.” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 577 (Aug): 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.04.044.
Jiang, J., W. Bao, Z. Y. Peng, and X. H. Dai. 2020. “Creep property of TMCP high-strength steel Q690CFD at elevated temperatures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (2): 04019364. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003040.
Jiang, J., W. Bao, Z. Y. Peng, Y. B. Wang, J. Liu, and X. H. Dai. 2019. “Experimental investigation on mechanical behaviours of TMCP high strength steel.” Constr. Build. Mater. 200 (Mar): 664–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.130.
Jiang, J., S. P. Chiew, C. K. Lee, and P. L. Y. Tiong. 2017a. “An experimental study on residual stresses of high strength steel box columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 130 (Mar): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.11.025.
Jiang, J., S. P. Chiew, C. K. Lee, and P. L. Y. Tiong. 2017b. “A numerical study on residual stress of high strength steel box column.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 128 (Jan): 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.09.015.
Jiang, J., S. P. Chiew, C. K. Lee, and P. L. Y. Tiong. 2017c. “Numerical investigation of high-strength built-up box columns.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 170 (9): 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.16.00111.
Jiang, J., C. K. Lee, and S. P. Chiew. 2015. “Residual stress and stress concentration effect of high strength steel built-up box T-joints.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 105 (Feb): 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.11.008.
Kim, Y., and W. Hwang. 2020. “Effect of weld seam orientation and welding process on fatigue fracture behaviors of HSLA steel weld joints.” Int. J. Fatigue 137 (Aug): 105644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105644.
Lee, C. K., S. P. Chiew, and J. Jiang. 2012. “Residual stress study of welded high strength steel thin-walled plate-to-plate joints. Part 1: Experimental study.” Thin-Walled Struct. 56 (Jul): 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.03.015.
Lee, C. K., S. P. Chiew, and J. Jiang. 2014. “Residual stress of high strength steel box T-joints.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 93 (Feb): 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.003.
Li, T. J., G. Q. Li, and Y. B. Wang. 2015. “Residual stress tests of welded Q690 high-strength steel box- and H-sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 115 (Dec): 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.08.040.
Liu, X., K. F. Chung, M. Huang, G. Wang, and D. A. Nethercot. 2019. “Thermomechanical parametric studies on residual stresses in S355 and S690 welded H-sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 160 (Sep): 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.06.001.
Liu, X., and K.-F. Chung. 2018. “Experimental and numerical investigation into temperature histories and residual stress distributions of high strength steel S690 welded H-sections.” Eng. Struct. 165 (Jun): 396–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.044.
Ma, J. L., T. M. Chan, and B. Young. 2015. “Material properties and residual stresses of cold-formed high strength steel hollow sections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 109 (Jun): 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.006.
Magudeeswaran, G., V. Balasubramanian, G. M. Reddy, and T. S. Balasubramanian. 2008. “Effect of welding processes and consumables on tensile and impact properties of high strength quenched and tempered steel joints.” J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 15 (6): 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(08)60273-3.
Nathan, S., V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, and A. G. Rao. 2015. “Effect of welding processes on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of high strength low alloy naval grade steel joints.” Def. Technol. 11 (3): 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2015.06.001.
Nitschke-Pagel, T., and H. Wohlfahrt. 2002. “Residual stresses in welded joints—Sources and consequences.” Mater. Sci. Forum 404–407 (Aug): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.404-407.215.
Pavlina, E. J., and C. J. Van Tyne. 2008. “Correlation of yield strength and tensile strength with hardness for steels.” J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 17 (6): 888–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-008-9225-5.
Sedlacek, G., and C. Muller. 2005. “The use of very high strength steels in metallic construction.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. Super-high Strength Steels. Rome: Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia.
Üstündağ, Ö., S. Gook, A. Gumenyuk, and M. Rethmeier. 2020. “Hybrid laser arc welding of thick high-strength pipeline steels of grade X120 with adapted heat input.” J. Mater. Process. Technol. 275 (Jan): 116358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116358.
Zhang, C., X. Song, P. Lu, and X. Hu. 2012. “Effect of microstructure on mechanical properties in weld-repaired high strength low alloy steel.” Mater. Des. 36 (Apr): 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.016.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 8 • August 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 5, 2020
Accepted: Jan 11, 2021
Published online: May 24, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 24, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wenjun Zhang, Rongjian Niu, Gaole Zhang, Yi Wang, Mechanical Properties of Shear Key in Composite Segment for Shield Tunnel under High Temperature Welding, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004649, 35, 3, (2023).
- Hazem Samih Mohamed, A.M. Elsawah, Yong Bo Shao, Cheng Song Wu, Mudthir Bakri, Analysis on the shear failure of HSS S690-CWGs via mathematical modelling, Engineering Failure Analysis, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106881, 143, (106881), (2023).
- Hazem Samih Mohamed, Bin Wu, Yong Bo Shao, Xu Chao Du, Design shear strength of CWGs with web-circular opening made of HSB800-high strength steel, Thin-Walled Structures, 10.1016/j.tws.2021.108559, 170, (108559), (2022).
- Wanhui Feng, Yufei Wang, Junbo Sun, Yunchao Tang, Dongxiao Wu, Zhiwei Jiang, Jianqun Wang, Xiangyu Wang, Prediction of thermo-mechanical properties of rubber-modified recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125970, 318, (125970), (2022).
- Junbo Sun, Yufei Wang, Xupei Yao, Zhenhua Ren, Genbao Zhang, Chao Zhang, Xianghong Chen, Wei Ma, Xiangyu Wang, Machine-Learning-Aided Prediction of Flexural Strength and ASR Expansion for Waste Glass Cementitious Composite, Applied Sciences, 10.3390/app11156686, 11, 15, (6686), (2021).
- Chenjiao Ge, Xuejian Zhang, Hongyu Wang, Pooyan Safari, Stability analysis of embedded axially functionally graded nanotubes containing flow with spinning motion under an axial load based on generalized differential quadrature method, The European Physical Journal Plus, 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01927-6, 136, 9, (2021).
- Yahya Ali Rothan, Unsteady heat transfer of NEPCM during freezing in a channel, The European Physical Journal Plus, 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01658-8, 136, 6, (2021).
- Shao-Wen Yao, Adel Almarashi, Mahmoud Mohamed Selim, Zhixiong Li, Bui Xuan Vuong, Influence of EHD on transportation of ferric water nanofluid within permeable space, Physica Scripta, 10.1088/1402-4896/ac018a, 96, 8, (085216), (2021).
- Faisal Nazeer, Jianyu Long, Zhe Yang, Chuan Li, Effect of graphene on the mechanical and anisotropic thermal properties of Cu–Ta composites, Nanotechnology, 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1541, 32, 43, (435701), (2021).
- Xinli Xu, Chunwei Zhang, Hamed Aghajani Derazkola, Murat Demiral, Azlan Mohd Zain, Afrasyab Khan, UFSW tool pin profile effects on properties of aluminium-steel joint, Vacuum, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110460, 192, (110460), (2021).