Dynamic Response of Two Extrusive Igneous Rocks Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 6
Abstract
In this paper, the stress-strain response of two extrusive volcanic igneous rocks, e.g., compact basalt (CB) and volcanic breccia (VB), under a high rate of loading is studied experimentally and numerically. The dynamic characterization of rocks is done for five different specimen sizes using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device with a diameter. Based on the test results, the response of the two rocks is compared, and suitable specimen dimensions to be used in SHPB testing are decided for both the rocks. Furthermore, simulations of SHPB tests with a strain rate dependent Johnson-Holmquist (JH-2) model are performed, and numerical simulation results are compared with experimental data to determine the parameters of the JH-2 model for the two rocks. Thus, the parameters obtained are used in the analysis of a tunnel subjected to a 20 kg trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosion in CB and VB, and the simulation results are compared. The suitable specimen sizes for characterizing CB specimens are proposed to be 54 mm in diameter, with a 0.5 slenderness ratio, and 76 mm in diameter, with a 0.3 slenderness ratio. For VB rock, the suitable specimen sizes are 54 mm in diameter, with a 0.2 slenderness ratio, and 76 mm in diameter, with a 0.2 slenderness ratio. The dynamic increase factor varies from 1.69 to 6.77 for CB and from 1.09 to 4.83 for VB. In the blast analysis for tunnels in the two rocks, nearly 4 times higher stress and 4.4 times lower displacement are observed at the tunnel crown in CB as compared to that in VB.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
ASTM. 2002. Standard test method for elastic moduli of intact rock core specimens in uniaxial compression. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Blanton, T. L. 1981. “Effect of strain rates from 10-2 to 10 sec-1 in triaxial compression tests on three rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 18 (1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90265-5.
Burger, D., M. V. Donadon, F. Cristovao, and S. F. Muller. 2009. “Formulation and implementation of a constitutive model for brittle materials in ABAQUS explicit finite element code.” In Proc., COBEM—20th Int. Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ABCM.
Chakraborty, T., M. Larcher, and N. Gebbeken. 2014. “Performance of tunnel lining materials under internal blast loading.” Int. J. Prot. Struct. 5 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.5.1.83.
Chakraborty, T., S. Mishra, J. Loukus, B. Halonen, and B. Bekkala. 2016. “Characterization of three Himalayan rocks using a split Hopkinson pressure bar.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 100 (85): 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.03.005.
Chen, W., and B. Song. 2011. Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar—Design, testing and applications. Berlin: Springer.
Cronin, D. S., K. Bui, C. Kaufmann, G. McIntosh, and T. Berstad. 2003. “Implementation and validation of the Johnson-Holmquist ceramic material model in LS-DYNA.” In Proc., 4th European LS-DYNA Users Conf. Seattle: Allen Institute for AI.
Doan, M. L., and A. Billi. 2011. “High strain rate damage of Carrara marble.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (19): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049169.
Dowing, C. H. 1996. Construction vibrations. Wiltshire, UK: Redwood Books.
Dusenberry, D. O. 2010. Handbook for blast resistant design of buildings, 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Hao, Y., and H. Hao. 2013. “Numerical investigation of the dynamic compressive behavior of rock materials at high strain rate.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 46 (2): 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0268-4.
Hokka, M., J. Black, D. Tkalich, M. Fourmeau, A. Kane, N. H. Hoang, C. C. Li, W. W. Chen, and V. T. Kuokkala. 2016. “Effects of strain rate and confining pressure on the compressive behavior of Kuru granite.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 91 (May): 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.01.010.
Holmquist, T. J., and G. R. Johnson. 2011. “A computational constitutive model for glass subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high pressures.” J. Appl. Mech. 78 (5): 051003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004326.
Hong, L., Z. Zhou, and T. Yin. 2009. “Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate.” J. Central South Univ. Technol. 16 (4): 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-009-0112-5.
Houstan, E. C., and J. V. Smith. 1997. “Assessment of rock quality variability due to smectitic alteration in basalt using X-ray diffraction analysis.” Eng. Geol. 46 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00067-1.
ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 1979. “Suggested methods for determining the uniaxial compressive strength and deformability of rock materials.” In Rock characterization, testing, and monitoring. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 2014. “Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials.” In The ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing, and monitoring: 2007–2014. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Johnson, G. R., and T. J. Holmquist. 1994. “An improved computational constitutive model for brittle materials.” High-Pressure Sci. Technol. Am. Inst. Phys. 12 (1): 981–984. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.46199.
Kang, H. M., M. S. Kang, M. S. Kim, H. K. Kwak, L. J. Park, and S. H. Cho. 2014. “Experimental and numerical study of the dynamic failure behavior of rock materials subjected to various impact loads.” Struct. Under Shock Impact XIII 13 (141): 357–367.
Li, X. B., T. S. Lok, and J. Zhao. 2005. “Dynamic characteristics of granite subjected to intermediate loading rate.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 38 (1): 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-004-0030-7.
Liang, Q., J. Li, D. Li, and E. Qu. 2013. “Effect of blast-induced vibration from new railway tunnel on existing adjacent railway tunnel in Xinjiang, China.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 46 (1): 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0259-5.
Lindholm, U. S., L. M. Yeakley, and A. Nagy. 1974. “The dynamic strength and fracture properties of dresser basalt.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 11 (5): 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(74)90885-7.
Liu, S., and J. Xu. 2015. “Effect of strain rate on the dynamic compressive mechanical behaviors of rock material subjected to high temperatures.” Mech. Mater. 82 (Mar): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2014.12.006.
Lu, Y. B., Q. M. Li, and G. W. Ma. 2010. “Numerical investigation of the dynamic compressive strength of rocks based on split hopkinson pressure bar tests.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47 (5): 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.03.013.
Ma, G. W., H. Hao, and Y. X. Zhou. 1998. “Modeling of wave propagation induced by underground explosion.” Comput. Geotech. 22 (3): 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(98)00011-1.
Malik, A., T. Chakraborty, K. S. Rao, D. Kumar, P. Chandel, and P. Sharma. 2017. “Dynamic response of Deccan trap basalt under Hopkinson bar test.” In Proc., 11th Int. Symp. on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics, 647–654. New Delhi, India: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
McIntosh, G. 1998. The Johnson-Holmquist ceramic model as used in LS-DYNA2D. Montreal, QC: Defence Research Establishment.
Mishra, S., and T. Chakraborty. 2019. “Determination of high strain rate stress-strain response of granite for blast analysis of tunnels.” J. Eng. Mech. 145 (8): 04019057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001627.
Mishra, S., T. Chakraborty, D. Basu, and N. Lam. 2019a. “Characterization of sandstone for application in blast analysis of tunnel.” Geotech. Test. J. 43 (2): 351–382. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20180270.
Mishra, S., T. Chakraborty, V. Matsagar, J. Loukus, and B. Bekkala. 2018a. “Characterization of Deccan trap rocks through split Hopkinson pressure bar.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (5): 04018059. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002229.
Mishra, S., A. Khetwal, and T. Chakraborty. 2019b. “Dynamic characterisation of gneiss.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52 (1): 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1594-y.
Mishra, S., A. Khetwal, and T. Chakraborty. 2019c. “Physio-mechanical characterisation of rocks.” J. Test. Eval. 49 (3): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180955.
Mishra, S., H. Meena, V. Parashar, A. Khetwal, T. Chakraborty, V. Matsagar, P. Chandel, and M. Singh. 2018b. “High strain rate response of sedimentary rocks under dynamic loading using split Hopkinson pressure bar.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 36 (1): 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0345-2.
Olsson, W. A. 1991. “The compressive strength of tuff as a function of strain rate from 10-6 to 103/sec.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 28 (1): 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)93241-W.
Qi, C. Z., M. Y. Wang, and Q. Qihu. 2009. “Strain-rate effects on the strength and fragmentation size of rocks.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 36 (12): 1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.04.008.
Shan, R., Y. Jiang, and B. Li. 2000. “Obtaining dynamic complete stress—Strain curves for rock using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 37 (6): 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00031-9.
Tiwari, R., T. Chakraborty, and V. Matsagar. 2016. “Dynamic analysis of tunnel in weathered rock subjected to internal blast loading.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (11): 4441–4458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1043-8.
Xia, K., M. H. B. Nasseri, B. Mohanty, F. Lu, R. Chen, and S. N. Luo. 2008. “Effects of microstructures on dynamic compression of Barre granite.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 45 (6): 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.09.013.
Zhang, Q. B., and J. Zhao. 2013. “Determination of mechanical properties and full-field strain measurements of rock material under dynamic loads.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 60 (Jun): 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.005.
Zhang, Q. B., and J. Zhao. 2014. “A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behavior of rock materials.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 47 (4): 1411–1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0463-y.
Zhu, J. B., Z. Y. Liao, and C. A. Tang. 2016. “Numerical SHPB tests of rocks under combined static and dynamic loading conditions with application to dynamic behavior of rocks under in situ stresses.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (10): 3935–3946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0993-1.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 19, 2020
Accepted: Oct 27, 2020
Published online: Apr 1, 2021
Published in print: Jun 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 1, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.