Experimental Investigation and a Predictive Model of the Strength Evolution of Rubberized Cementitious Materials Based on the Virtual Pore Method
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 3
Abstract
Mixing waste rubber in cementitious materials such as concrete is an effective way to reuse the rubber, which is important due to its environmental significance. This work predicted the strength evolution of rubberized cementitious materials based on their rubber content and porosity. Mortar specimens with rubber content ranging from 0% to 15.3% per mortar volume were prepared based on the method of making pores in cementitious materials with soft materials, i.e., the virtual pore method. Their porosity and compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days were measured by tests. With the increasing volume fraction of rubber particles, the porosity of the specimens increased and the strength decreased. By dividing the pores in cementitious materials into matrix pores and virtual pores, the strength of the rubber free cement mortar and the effect of rubber particles were considered separately and a predictive strength model of rubberized cementitious materials was established based on their rubber content and porosity. The proposed model is applicable to materials of different ages and hydration degrees. It was applied to the strength prediction in the available literature, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the test values.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China via Grant No. 2017YFC0404902, the National Natural Science Foundation of China via Grant Nos. 52079047 and 51479048, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities via Grant No. 2019B73614, and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province via Grant No. SJKY19_0456. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support.
References
Aboelkheir, M., C. Y. S. Siqueira, F. G. Souza, and R. D. Toledo Filho. 2018. “Influence of styrene-butadiene co-polymer on the hydration kinetics of SBR-modified well cement slurries.” Macromol. Symp. 380 (1): 1800131. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800131.
Angelin, A. F., M. F. F. Andrade, R. Bonatti, R. C. C. Lintz, L. A. Gachet-Barbosa, and W. R. Osório. 2015. “Effects of spheroid and fiber-like waste-tire rubbers on interrelation of strength-to-porosity in rubberized cement and mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (Oct): 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.166.
Angelin, A. F., R. C. C. Lintz, L. A. Gachet-Barbosa, and W. R. Osório. 2017. “The effects of porosity on mechanical behavior and water absorption of an environmentally friendly cement mortar with recycled rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 151 (Oct): 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.061.
Benazzouk, A., O. Douzane, K. Mezreb, and M. Quéneudec. 2006. “Physico-mechanical properties of aerated cement composites containing shredded rubber waste.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (7): 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.05.006.
Bisht, K., and P. V. Ramana. 2017. “Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (Nov): 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.131.
Chen, X., S. Wu, and J. Zhou. 2013. “Influence of porosity on compressive and tensile strength of cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (Mar): 869–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.072.
Chen, X., L. Xu, and S. Wu. 2015. “Influence of pore structure on mechanical behavior of concrete under high strain rates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001380.
Chinese Standards. 2016. Standard for test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete. [In Chinese.] GB/T50081-2016. Beijing: China Standard Press.
Chou, H. L., C. K. Lu, J. R. Chang, and T. M. Lee. 2007. “Use of waste rubber as concrete additive.” Waste Manage. Res. 25 (1): 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07067448.
Da Silva, F. M., L. A. Gachet-Barbosa, R. C. C. Lintz, and A. E. P. G. A. Jacintho. 2015. “Investigation on the properties of concrete tactile paving blocks made with recycled tire rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 91 (Aug): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.027.
Day, R. L., and B. K. Marsh. 1988. “Measurement of porosity in blended cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 18 (1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90122-6.
De Schutter, G., and L. Taerwe. 1996. “Degree of hydration-based description of mechanical properties of early age concrete.” Mater. Struct. 29 (6): 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486341.
Delmi, M. M. Y., A. Aït-Mokhtar, and O. Amiri. 2006. “Modelling the coupled evolution of hydration and porosity of cement-based materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (7): 504–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.12.004.
Di Mundo, R., A. Petrella, and M. Notarnicola. 2018. “Surface and bulk hydrophobic cement composites by tyre rubber addition.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.233.
Gallé, C. 2001. “Effect of drying on cement-based materials pore structure as identified by mercury intrusion porosimetry—A comparative study between oven-, vacuum-, and freeze-drying.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (10): 1467–1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00594-4.
Ganesan, N., J. B. Raj, and A. P. Shashikala. 2013. “Flexural fatigue behavior of self compacting rubberized concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.077.
Gao, N., H. Xie, and Z. Peng. 2000. “Effect of water absorption on dielectric properties of composites.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., IEEE Int. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 905–907. New York: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.2000.876376.
Gesoglu, M., E. Güneyisi, O. Hansu, S. Ipek, and D. S. Asaad. 2015. “Influence of waste rubber utilization on the fracture and steel-concrete bond strength properties of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Part 1): 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.030.
Ghizdăveţ, Z., B. M. Ştefan, D. Nastac, O. Vasile, and M. Bratu. 2016. “Sound absorbing materials made by embedding crumb rubber waste in a concrete matrix.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.145.
Girskas, G., and D. Nagrockienė. 2017. “Crushed rubber waste impact of concrete basic properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140 (Jun): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.107.
Gupta, T., S. Chaudhary, and R. K. Sharma. 2014. “Assessment of mechanical and durability properties of concrete containing waste rubber tire as fine aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 562–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.102.
Han, S., and J. Kim. 2004. “Effect of temperature and age on the relationship between dynamic and static elastic modulus of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (7): 1219–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.011.
Hasselman, D. P. H. 1963. “Relation between effects of porosity on strength and on Young’s modulus of elasticity of polycrystalline materials.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 46 (11): 564–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1963.tb14615.x.
Khatib, Z. K., and F. M. Bayomy. 1999. “Rubberized portland cement concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 11 (3): 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:3(206).
Kumar, R., and B. Bhattacharjee. 2003. “Porosity, pore size distribution and in situ strength of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (1): 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00942-0.
Lea, F. M. 1970. The Chemistry of cement and concrete. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Li, L., R. Wang, and Q. Lu. 2018. “Influence of polymer latex on the setting time, mechanical properties and durability of calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (Apr): 911–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.005.
Li, L.-J., W.-F. Xie, Z.-Z. Chen, and F. Liu. 2009. “Experimental study of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 61 (7): 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.00078.
López-Zaldívar, O., R. Lozano-Díez, S. Herrero del Cura, P. Mayor-Lobo, and F. Hernández-Olivares. 2017. “Effects of water absorption on the microstructure of plaster with end-of-life tire rubber mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 150 (Sep): 558–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.014.
Matusinović, T., J. Šipušić, and N. Vrbos. 2003. “Porosity–strength relation in calcium aluminate cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (11): 1801–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00201-1.
Muñoz-Sánchez, B., M. J. Arévalo-Caballero, and M. C. Pacheco-Menor. 2017. “Influence of acetic acid and calcium hydroxide treatments of rubber waste on the properties of rubberized mortars.” Mater. Struct. 50 (1): 75. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0912-7.
Nacif, G. L., T. H. Panzera, K. Strecker, A. L. Christoforo, and K. Paine. 2013. “Investigations on cementitious composites based on rubber particle waste additions.” Mater. Res. 16 (2): 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392012005000177.
Papayianni, I., and M. Stefanidou. 2006. “Strength–porosity relationships in lime–pozzolan mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (9): 700–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.012.
Pham, P. N., Y. Zhuge, A. Turatsinze, A. Toumi, and R. Siddique. 2019. “Application of rubberized cement-based composites in pavements: Suitability and considerations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (Oct): 1182–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.007.
Powers, T. C. 1958. “Structure and physical properties of hardened portland cement paste.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 41 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1958.tb13494.x.
Rozenbaum, O., R. J. M. Pellenq, and H. Van Damme. 2005. “An experimental and mesoscopic lattice simulation study of styrene-butadiene latex-cement composites properties.” Mater. Struct. 38 (4): 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482143.
Ryshkewitch, E. 1953. “Compression strength of porous sintered alumina and zirconia: 9th communication to ceramography.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 36 (2): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12837.x.
Schiller, K. K. 1971. “Strength of porous materials.” Cem. Concr. Res. 1 (4): 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(71)90035-4.
Sola, O. C., C. Ozyazgan, and B. Sayin. 2017. “Analysis of cement-based pastes mixed with waste tire rubber.” Mech. Compos. Mater. 53 (1): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-017-9646-z.
Song, W.-J., W.-G. Qiao, X.-X. Yang, D.-G. Lin, and Y.-Z. Li. 2018. “Mechanical properties and constitutive equations of crumb rubber mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 660–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.263.
Thomas, B. S., and R. C. Gupta. 2015. “Long term behaviour of cement concrete containing discarded tire rubber.” J. Cleaner Prod. 102 (Sep): 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.072.
Toutanji, H. A. 1996. “The use of rubber tire particles in concrete to replace mineral aggregates.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 18 (2): 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00010-0.
Turatsinze, A., and M. Garros. 2008. “On the modulus of elasticity and strain capacity of self-compacting concrete incorporating rubber aggregates.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52 (10): 1209–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.06.012.
Turatsinze, A., M. Measson, and J.-P. Faure. 2018. “Rubberised concrete: from laboratory findings to field experiment validation.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (10): 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1215688.
Turki, M., E. Bretagne, M. J. Rouis, and M. Quéneudec. 2009. “Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of mortar–rubber aggregates mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (7): 2715–2722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.019.
Uygunoǧlu, T., and I. B. Topçu. 2010. “The role of scrap rubber particles on the drying shrinkage and mechanical properties of self-consolidating mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (7): 1141–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.027.
Vitorino, F. C., R. D. Toledo Filho, and J. Dweck. 2018. “Hydration at early ages of styrene-butadiene copolymers cementitious systems.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 131 (2): 1041–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6678-5.
Wang, R., X.-G. Li, and P.-M. Wang. 2006. “Influence of polymer on cement hydration in SBR-modified cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (9): 1744–1751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.020.
Wang, R., and P. Wang. 2011. “Application of styrene-butadiene rubber in cement-based materials.” Adv. Mater. Res. 306: 588–593. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.306-307.588.
Yang, Z., X. Shi, A. T. Creighton, and M. M. Peterson. 2009. “Effect of styrene–butadiene rubber latex on the chloride permeability and microstructure of portland cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6): 2283–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.11.011.
Yu, Y., and H. Zhu. 2016. “Influence of rubber size on properties of crumb rubber mortars.” Materials 9 (7): 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070527.
Zelić, J., D. Rušić, and R. Krstulović. 2004. “A mathematical model for prediction of compressive strength in cement-silica fume blends.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (12): 2319–2328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.015.
Zhang, J., B. Chen, and F. Yu. 2019. “Preparation of EPS-based thermal insulation mortar with improved thermal and mechanical properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (9): 04019183. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002825.
Zhang, P., D. Li, Y. Qiao, S. Zhang, C. Sun, and T. Zhao. 2018. “Effect of air entrainment on the mechanical properties, chloride migration, and microstructure of ordinary concrete and fly ash concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018265. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002456.
Zhou, J., S. Jin, and L. Sun. 2020. “Multiscale experimental investigation of the influence of pores on the static and dynamic strength of cementitious materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (4): 04020052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003115.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 3 • March 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 2, 2020
Accepted: Aug 11, 2020
Published online: Dec 29, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 29, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.